Варіант 1. International trade and resources (1)

International trade and resources (1)

1. People have traded in one form or another since the dawn of the time, and most of the great powers in history have also been famous traders: the Phoenicians and the Greeks; medieval Venice and Elizabethan England; the early American colonies and modern Japan. It seems obvious that great benefits are obtained from trading, but there has always been the underlying suspicion that someone also loses as a result. For many, a great trading nation is one that always manages to come out on top during trade negotiations. The writers immediately preceding Adam Smith thought it was part of the natural state of affairs that there are always winners and losers in trade. It was the job of policy-makers, they felt, to ensure that their own country was on the winning side.

2. It took the mind of Adam Smith, however, to see that whenever two people enter into a voluntary agreement to trade, both parties must gain as a result. Trade is to the advantage of both parties; otherwise it would not take place. When we look at international trade between nations, it is not really nations that trade, but individual people and firms who buy from other foreign individuals and firms. They hope to gain something as a result, and what they give up in return (usually money) is of less value to you than the thing you obtain in return.

3. There, in essence, is the main argument for trade: why make something yourself if you can buy it cheaper elsewhere? An additional consideration is the fact that there are some things that individuals and firms are incapable of making, or that they could make only after extensive training and with the help of very expensive equipment. For example a country will have a great advantage in producing and trading pineapples, if it possesses the right type of soil and climate. But the same country may well be at a disadvantage in growing coniferous trees. Some countries are well endowed in certain areas while they are impoverished in others.

I. Знайдіть у тексті та випишіть еквіваленти таких слів та словосполучень:

велика держава, користь (прибуток); втрачати; вдаватися щось зробити; переговори;

природній стан справи; гарантувати, угода; отримувати; міжнародна торгівля; бути

позбавленим чогось

Найдите в тексте и выпишите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

великая держава, выгода (прибыль); терять; суметь что-то сделать; переговоры;

естественное состояние дел; гарантировать, договор; получать; международная

торговля; быть лишенным чего-либо

II. Перекладіть письмово абзац 3.

Переведите письменно абзац 3.

III. Випишіть з тексту дієслівні форми, що закінчуються на -ing. Визначте,чі це Gerund

або Present Participle та перекладіть їх.

Выпишите из текста формы глагола, заканчивающиеся на-ing. Определите, что это -

Gerund или Present Participle и переведите их.

IV. Поставте 5 запитань до абзацу 1 та запишіть їх.

Поставьте 5 вопросов к абзацу 1 и запишите их.

V. Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання.

Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What was the attitude to trade before Adam Smith?

2. What is the essence of Adam Smith’s theory of trade?

Дата добавления: 2015-07-14