Варіант 9. The Political Case for Integration

The Political Case for Integration

1. The political case for regional economic integration has also loomed large in most attempts to establish free trade areas, customs unions, and the like. By linking neighboring economies and making them increasingly dependent on each other, incentives are created for political cooperation between the neighboring states. In turn the potential for violent conflict between the states can be reduced. By grouping their economies together, the countries can enhance their political weight in the world.

2. These considerations certainly underlay the establishment ofthe European Community (EC) in 1557. Europe had suffered two devastating wars in the first half of the century, both arising out of the unbridled ambitions of nation-states. Those who have sought a united Europe have always had at the forefront of their minds the desire to prevent another outbreak of war in Europe, to make it unthinkable. Many Europeans also believed that after World War II the European nation-states were no longer large enough to hold their own in world markets and world politics. The need for a united Europe, to deal with the United States and the politically alien Soviet Union, certainly loomed large in the minds of many of the EC's founders.

3. Despite the strong economic and political arguments for integration, it has never been easy to achieve or sustain. There are two main reasons for this. First, although economic integration benefits the majority, it has its costs. Although a nation as a whole may benefit significantly as a result of entering into a regional free trade agreement, certain groups may lose. Moving to a free trade regime inevitably involves some painful adjustments. Although the tide has been running strongly in favor of regional free trade agreements in recent years, some economists have expressed concern that the benefits of regional integration have been oversold, while the costs have often been ignored. They point out that the benefits of regional integration to the participants are determined by the extent of trade creation, as opposed to trade diversion.

I. Знайдіть у тексті та випишіть еквіваленти таких слів та словосполучень:

зусилля, стимул, зменшувати, створювати зону вільної торгівлі; посилювати політичну

вагу; лежати в основі; запобігати; мати користь/вигоду; витрати, визначати,

перекручування (спотворювання) торгівлі

Найдите в тексте и выпишите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

усилия, стимул, уменьшать, создавать зону свободной торговли, усиливать

политический вес, лежать в основе, предотвращать, иметь выгоду, расходы,

определять, ухудшать торговлю

II. Перекладіть письмово абзац 2.

Переведите письменно абзац 2.

III. Випишіть з тексту дієслівні форми, що закінчуються на -ing. Визначте,чі це Gerund

або Present Participle та перекладіть їх.

Выпишите из текста формы глагола, заканчивающиеся на-ing. Определите, что это -

Gerund или Present Participle и переведите их.

IV. Поставте 5 запитань до абзацу 3 та запишіть їх.

Поставьте 5 вопросов к абзацу 3 и запишите их.

V. Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання.

Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What creates incentives for political cooperation between the neighboring states?

2. What were the reasons that led to the establishment ofthe European Community (EC) in 1557?

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