Say whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. 1. Scientists from the United Kingdom try to make molecules move in a desired direction without help of external forces.

1. Scientists from the United Kingdom try to make molecules move in a desired direction without help of external forces.

2. One of the main fields of application of the invention is agriculture.

3. In the nano world objects are about the width of a human hair.

2. Find the words from the text that corrrespond to the definitions:

1) something that has been accomplished, especially by hard work, ability, or heroism; 2) a fellow worker or member of a staff, department, profession, etc.; 3) the smallest unit into which any substance can be divided without losing its own chemical nature, usually consisting of two or more atoms; 4) a new idea, method, or invention.

3. Give synonyms to the following words from the text:

advance, a challenge, desired, help, a possibility, a disease, to speed, to deliver, a medication.

Fill in the gaps with the words from the text.

1. A young ___ proposed a method of detecting unwanted impurities in water.

2. Specialists of various fields of engineering demonstrated their ___ at the annual fall exhibition.

3. A file makes the ___ of a treated material much smoother.

4. It took the mechanic the whole day to ___ our broken bicycle.

5. We cannot buy this computer, it’s too ___.

Grammar Practice

1. Write down from the text all the - ing -forms of the verbs in two lists:

a) the Participle and b) the Gerund. Analyze the context to explain the difference in their function and translation.

2. Find all occurrences of “ to ” in the text. Analyze their functions. Give your own examples for each function.

3. Put down all plural noun forms from the text into 3 lists according to the pronunciation of -s: 1) [s], 2) [z], 3) [iz].

21. Self-healing Surfaces

unique	унікальний	distributed	розподілений
a scratch	подряпина	to damage	пошкоджувати
a trace	слід	a pellet	кулька
a scar	шрам	to burst	вибухати
electroplated	гальванізований	to fail	зазнавати невдачі
rust	іржа	to alter	змінювати
to recover	відновлювати	a scale	масштаб
to transfer	передавати	entirely	цілком
to introduce	вводити

Human skin has a unique property – small scratches and cuts heal quickly, leaving no trace of a scar after just a few days. It’s a different matter with materials, such as metals – if the electroplated layer protecting the metals from corrosion is scratched, rust protection is lost and the layer has to be recovered. Engineers are working on transferring the self-healing effect of skin to materials. The idea behind this is to introduce evenly distributed fluid-filled capsules into the electroplated layer – rather like raisins in a cake. If the layer is damaged, the pellets at the point of damage burst, the fluid runs out and “repairs” the scratch. Until now, these plans have failed due to the size of the capsules – ranging from 10 to 15 micrometers they were too large for the electroplated layer, which is around 20 micrometers thick. The capsules altered the mechanical properties of the layer. Researchers from Stuttgart have developed a process for producing electroplated layers with nano-capsules. At only a few hundred nanometers in diameter, the capsules are measured on another scale entirely, compared with previous results.

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