Analyse and translate the following sentences

1. A spokesman for the British Foreign Office said the meeting “provided useful opportunity for consultations” before departing for trips abroad.

2. The Belgian Prime Minister offered his resignation to the King in Brussels yesterday after failing to reconcile a cabinet split over tough new economic measures.

3. On arriving at London Airport from the UN Security Council meeting, the Foreign Secretary said that he thought a practical and effective resolution would emerge as a result of his talks with African Commonwealth delegates.

4. The President’s “kitchen cabinet” of wealthy advisers, which gave him his start in politics and has played a crucial role in shaping his administration, has disbanded after a controversy over fund raising.

5. In regulating family relations and sexual morality, political democracies may adopt restrictive or permissive policies regarding divorce, abortion, and pornography.

6. He insisted that France was as interested as anyone in bringing the budget and agricultural spending in the EU under control.

7. Ms.Dunn, has long been seen as one of the Republicans’ best hopes for broadening their appeal to women, and that is one of the arguments she makes in campaigning to be the majority leader.

8. The US President is able to increase support for his policy by explaining it energetically.

9. By failing to agree upon any substantial reform of the Common agricultural policy (CAP), the heads of the government have guaranteed that little progress will be made in any world trade talks. They have also made it unlikely that they will keep their own promise of capping spending at the current level in real terms.

10. By putting off the party elections, the Prime Minister will effectively prevent dissidents in the party from mounting an internal challenge to him before general elections.

11. Only by bringing tough measures to control spending, including the runaway cost of farm subsidies, can the EU hope to create the conditions to accept members from Eastern and Central Europe.

12. The IMF keeps itself in business by winkling money out of rich nations such as the US and handling them out to poorer brethren, who usually are poor because of gross economic mismanagement.

13. The opposition Labor Party accused the ruling Israeli government of abusing the state broadcasting authority by masking party propaganda on television as an emergency government announcement.

14. By not loosing sight of the long-term objectives they made themselves masters and not servants or victims of economic forces operating in the world.

15. The first lesson, surely, is that the successive Governments added greatly to the public anxiety by declining for so long to give reasonable information to Parliament and the people.

16. They expect that the Prime Minister will try to suppress criticism by pleading that matters are at a delicate stage.

17. “Time” journalism began by deeply interested in people, as individuals who were making history. We tried to make our readers see and hear and even smell these people as part of a better understanding of their ideas – or lack of them.

18. By agreeing to an Italian proposal that this question be turned over to the committee of UN member states for study, the United States lured a number of wavering countries away from the Canadian position.

19. Meanwhile the people and their representatives did what they were told without even the privilege of being informed of the decisions taken by their leaders.

20. European fund- management companies are obsessed with growing their asset bases by entering new markets or raising their profiles in ones where they already do business.

21. Instead of being changed the traditional strategy was merely reasserted and put into operation at the end of the war under the famous and accurate phrase about “negotiation and strength”.

22. The US special envoy was scheduled to complete his fourth attempt at mediating the eight-month border conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia Monday and then return directly to the US.

23. The new leaders in Washington “appear to be bent not on rectifying but on multiplying the errors of the previous administration, facilitating not a lessening of international tension but its growth”.

24. Oil companies are barred by agreement with the government from making any public statements of their revenues or the amount of oil they are exporting.

25. Despite much angry and sometimes ignorant talks about Japanese burying their guilty secrets, there is a great deal of Japanese literature that deals honestly with the war.

26. The scandal has resulted in the local station chief of America’s CIA giving warning that America might stop sharing intelligence with South Korea.

27. Nominal sovereignty is no longer the valuable commodity it once was, and independence may actually lead to people having less control over decisions that crucially affect them.

28. With consumer prices in the euro area only 1% higher than they were a year ago, there is little risk of currency depreciation causing a dangerous surge in inflation.

29. The continued success of voluntary mass vaccination depends on governments providing accurate information about the risks and benefits.

30. The supremacy of EU law over national law is also implicit in the treaties. Nor could the court’s powers be repatriated by Britain or anyone else, without a country leaving the Union altogether.

31. But if the experiment fails then it is obvious that, far from there being an improvement in the standards of life of the British people, there will be a steady diminution.

32. Jobs and living standards depend on the industrial capacity of the nation being used to the full.

33. It is the considered opinion of the Government and people of India that to disturb the status quo must lead to the forces of disorder being unleashed in the entire sub-continent.

34. They gathered to discuss the injustices of foreign trade as they affect the chances of the poor countries ever becoming less poor.

35. The whole system was nothing but the alarm system designed to go off in case of raw materials being illegally removed or utilized.

UNIT IV SUBJUNCTIVE

The Subjunctive is the name of a special group of verb-forms (е.g. I were, she be, he return) which are used in a few cases to talk about events which are not certain to happen – which we hope will happen, or imagine might happen, or want to happen.

If I were rich I wouldn’t work at all.

It is vital that she be warned before it is too late.

The judge recommended that he not be released for at least three years.

The subjunctive is not very common in modern British English and is used mostly in formal style.

Ideas of this kind are usually expressed in another way.

FORMS

To be

Present tense: I be, you be, he be, we be, they be

Past tense: I were, you were, he were, we were, they were

Other verbs

All present and past subjunctive forms are the same as Infinitive: e.g. I go, you go, he go, she go....

USE

The subjunctive form were is often used instead of was after if, as if, wish. It can also be used after words like “suppose” when they have a similar meaning to “if”).

“Was” is also possible in these cases, and is more common in conversational English.

I wouldn’t mind if he weren’t so rude. (or.... if he wasn’t...)

I wish it were Tuesday today. (or... I wish it was....)

There is a special form of conditional clause in which the subjunctive “were” is used with the infinitive. This makes a future possibility sound less probable; it can also be used to make a suggestion more tentative.

What would you do if war were to break out?

If you were to move your chair a bit to the right we could all sit down.

In a literary style this construction is inverted, it is used without “if”.

Were she my daughter, I could suggest several steps I should consider it profitable to take.

Was is not possible here.

If he were to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem.

In the expression If I were you, were is almost always used instead of was.

We quite often give advice by making a conditional clause with the expression “If I were you..”.

If I were you I should get that car serviced.

I shouldn’t worry if I were you.

In this structure we usually use “should” not “would” as the conditional auxiliary.

I should be a bit more careful if I were you.

Were is always used in the expression “ as it were” (meaning the same as “so to speak”).

He is a sort of Japanese Marlon Brando, as it were.

Other subjunctives are used in certain cases where we say that something should be done. This happens especially in two structures:

1) after the verbs order, command, insist, demand, request, ask, recommend, propose, suggest, and other verbs with similar meanings, followed by that;

2) in the construction it is important/vital/essential/necessary, desirable that.... (other adjectives with similar meanings can also be used in this structure).

The subjunctive is the same whether the sentence is present or past.

We insist that a meeting be held as soon as possible.

The committee recommended that the company invest in new property.

It is essential that every child have the same educational opportunities.

He said it was important that every member send his subscription by the end of the month.

In British English these structures are unusual. Instead of the subjunctive, the construction “should + infinitive” is often used.

We insist that a meeting should be held as soon as possible.

The committee recommended that the company should invest in new property.

In conversational English other structures would probably be used(.... recommended the company to inves t....)

In American English these subjunctive structures are quite common in a formal style, but in informal conversation Americans would probably also find different ways of expressing the ideas.

There are some fixed expressions containing subjunctives. The commonest are: God save the King/Queen; Long Live...; Be that as it may,....; Heaven forbid.

In very formal language (e.g. legal documents), be is sometimes used after “if” and “whatever”.

If any person be found guilty....

... whatever be the reason......

PRACTICE

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms.

1. You (have) better take off your wet shoes.

2. He walks as if he (have) a wooden leg.

3. He talks as if he (do) all the work himself, but in fact Tom and I did most of it.

4. I wish I (know) what is wrong with my car.

5. It’s time we (do) something to stop road accidents.

6. The cheese looks as if rats (nibble) it.

7. It’s high time they (mend) this road.

8. If only he (know) then that the disease was curable!

9. Suppose you (not know) where your next meal was coming from.

10. I hate driving. I’d much rather you drive.

11. If only I (be) insured! (but I was not insured).

12. I wish transistor radios never (be) invented.

13. I’ll pay you by cheque monthly. – I’d rather you (pay) me cash weekly.

14. That man has brought us nothing but trouble. I wish I never (set) eyes on him.

15. Can I take your best umbrella? – I’d rather you (take) the other one.

16. I wish I (not try) to repair it. I only made it worse.

17. If I (not have) rubber gloves on I would have been electrocuted.

18. He looks as though he never (get) a square meal, but in fact his wife feeds him very well.

Answer the following questions by expressing a preference for a direct action.

Question: Can I write my essay on the back of the envelope?

Answer: I’d rather you wrote it on a sheet of foolscap.

Similarly:

Can we bring our pet snake to your party?

I’d rather you didn’t.

It would also of course be possible to answer with “ prefer+object+Infinitive”.

I’d prefer you to write it on foolscap.

I’d prefer you to leave it at home.

Use you in all answers.

1. Can I go by bus?

2. Can I go alone?

3. Can we start tomorrow?

4. Can I ring New York on your phone?

5. Can we sleep in the garden tonight?

6. Can we cook our steak by holding it in front of your electric fire?

7. Can we use your scissors to cut this wire?

8. Can I leave school at sixteen?

9. Can we come in late tomorrow?

10. Shall I wake you up when I come in and tell you what happened?

11. Can I clean my motorcycle in the kitchen?

12. Can I tell Tom what you have just told me?

13. Can I go barefoot?

14. Shall we paint your door pink with yellow stars?

15. Shall I ring you at 3 a.m.?

16. Can we bathe after dark?

17. Can we hitch-hike to Rome?

18. Can I borrow your best umbrella?

19. Will it be all right if I write it in longhand?

20. Can I leave the washing up till the day after tomorrow?

3. Rewrite the following using a “wish” construction.

1. I’m sorry I haven’t got a washing machine.

2. I’m sorry I don’t live near my work.

3. I’m sorry our garden doesn’t get any sun.

4. I’m sorry I called him a liar.

5. I’m sorry I don’t know Finnish.

6. I’m sorry I didn’t book a seat.

7. I’m sorry I haven’t got a car.

8. I’m sorry I can’t drive.

9. I’d like Tom to drive more slowly.

10. I’d like you to keep quiet.

11. I’m sorry we accepted the invitation.

12. I’m sorry the theater tickets cost so much.

13. It’s a pity that shops here shut on Saturday afternoon.

14. It’s a pity he didn’t work harder during the term.

15. I’m sorry you didn’t see it.

16. It’s a pity you are going tonight.

17. It’s a pity I haven’t got a work permit.

18. I would like it to stop raining.

19. I’d like you to wait for me.

20. I’m sorry I didn’t bring a map.

21. I’m sorry I ever came to this country.

22. I’m sorry I left my last job.

23. I’m sorry I didn’t stay in my last job.

24. I’d like him to cut his hair.

25. I’m sorry he goes to bed so early.

26. It’s a pity we haven’t a torch.

27. I’m sorry I didn’t know you were coming.

28. I’m sorry you told Jack.

29. I’m sorry I didn’t ask the fishmonger to open these oysters.

30. I’m sorry I can’t swim.

31. I’m sorry you aren’t coming with us.

32. I’m sorry you aren’t going to a job where you could use your English.

33. It’s a pity you didn’t ask him how to get there.

Analyze the following sentences and translate them.

1. The Saudis are well aware that their oil revenues would increase if they boosted production, because any fall in price would be more than offset by an increase in volume.

2. It would be dangerous folly to write off as insignificant the revival of nazi-type extremism in Europe.

3. The blacks believe that if white children had been involved in the tragedy it would have received huge public and press attention.

4. Had there been no international safety net supplied by an act of the US Congress, the Brazilian President might have seen fit to work harder.

5. David Hare’s play “Plenty” opened to poor notices and would have lasted a fortnight had he not been in a position to “nurse” it. Eventually it reached Broadway and became a film.

6. Turkey’s prime minister, who has been a hawk on foreign policy issues, argued that were it not for external interference, Turkey’s so-called Kurdish problem could “easily” be solved by planned economic and educational improvements.

7. Such extraordinary growth of the political correctness industry would quickly slacken if the driving force behind it – the language of political correctness – were to go out of fashion.

8. Any proposal to go ahead with this disgusting weapon should be vigorously combated. It may be immensely profitable to the chemical industry, but if ever it were used, it would bring an agonizing death to thousands.

9. How would the West respond if one day China, say, were to carry out air strikes against an Indian government fighting to prevent its Muslim-majority province of Jammu &Kashmir from seceding?

10. To permit the programs of the new administration to be imposed upon the people is to embolden the ultra-right.

11. Should this program be carried out we shall then face a serious change in the situation that could open the road to a fascist America.

12. If Bonn should decide to buy less gas, it would certainly soften US opposition. But if the Germans conclude they need all the gas they are slated to get, there could be trouble.

13. Should the Tories succeed in finding another candidate, we may yet see the spectacle of the three brands of Tories fighting each other for the votes.

14. Today’s talks will certainly lay down guide-lines for a Tory Manifesto should an early election materialize.

15. Should any appeal be needed, the Prime Minister will have opportunities for personal chats with backsliders at a party for MPs of previous Parliaments which he will give at 10 Downing Street tonight.

16. If the agreement in Berlin last week was a “success”, then the world could be forgiven for wondering quite what a failure would have looked like.

17. US Embassy sources stressed that the visas would never have been issued to the five officers, who were presented as diplomats going for routine consultations with their own embassy, if their military function had been known.

18. There would not have been a review if the estimate’s conclusions had totally supported the administration’s charges.

19. Had the election campaign been still in progress, the wage squeeze might have become an issue.

20. But for import restrictions, quotas and American-imposed embargoes, Anglo-Russian trade would be larger than it is today.

21. But Solana’s charm – the perpetual smile on his bearded, bespectacled face, and his tactile Mediterranean manners – wouldn’t work if it was entirely insincere.

22. If the IMF were not refinanced, it could not bail out Brazil and Brazil would go the way of the Asian tigers, with serious repercussions for the US and world economy.

23. It is not possible to devise experiments to test whether, say, US government would be less susceptible to institutional government gridlock if it abandoned the separation of powers, or whether communism could have survived in the USSR had reforms been instigated a generation earlier.

24. Were it not for circular highway that defines the limits of the capital, it would be impossible to know where Paris ends and Boulogne-Billancourt begins.

25. After tending to flower arrangements and throwing lavish parties, she takes up the task of hard-bitten negotiator – one who barks at top executives as if they were naughty children.

26. Accounting for about 40 per cent of OPEC production, Saudi Arabia currently enjoys enormous leverage over the market and its oil-producing colleagues. If it were to cut back sharply, however, sagging oil prices would almost certainly jump up at once.

27. The major US auto companies lost an astonishing $4.2 billion last year. Of the three, only General Motors is likely to show a profit this year. If the two weaker companies were to collapse, hundreds of thousands of jobs would be lost in the auto industry alone, and perhaps a million jobs, taking into account the industries that produce materials for cars such as steel and glass.

UNIT V COMBINING MESSAGES

Sometimes it is necessary to make a statement which is too complex or detailed to be expressed in a single clause. We make statements of this kind by putting two or more clauses together in one sentence.

There are two ways of doing this. One way is to use one clause as a main clause and to add other clauses which express subordinate meaning.

I came because I want you to help me.

I didn’t like the man who did the gardening for them.

Y ou have no right to keep people off your land unless they are doing damage.

When he had gone, Valentina sighed.

The other way is simply to link clauses together.

I am an old man and I am sick.

My son has a car but he doesn’t take it for a drive.

Questions and orders can also consist of more than one clause.

What will I do if he doesn’t come?

If she is ambitious, don’t try to hold her back.

When two clauses are combined into one sentence, the conjunctions are used to link them and to indicate the relation between them.

When he stopped, no one said anything.

They were going by car because it is more comfortable.

The telephone rang and Judy picked it up.

Manfred behaved perfectly, but Gertrude had little idea of what he was thinking.

There are two types of conjunction. They indicate the different kinds of relationship between clauses in a sentence.

Subordinating conjunctions are used when a clause is added to develop some aspect of what is being said.

The cat jumped onto my father’s lap while he was reading his letters.

The wound was healing although he would never be able to speak again.

When the jar was full, he turned the water off.

A clause which begins with a subordinating conjunction is called a subordinate clause. Sentences containing a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses are often called complex sentences.

There are the following types of the subordinate clauses:

- subject clauses

- predicative clauses

- object clauses

- attributive clauses

- adverbial clauses

-

Coordinating conjunctions If clauses are simply linked the coordinating conjunctions are used.

Her son lives at home and has a steady job.

He’s a shy man, but he’s not scared of anything or anyone.

Coordinating conjunctions can also be put between questions and between imperative clauses.

Do people drive their own cars or they are called for by the bus?

Visit your dealer or phone for a brochure

Clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction are called coordinate clauses. Sentences which contain coordinate clauses are called compound sentences.

PRACTICE

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. Heat the oil till it (begin) to smoke.

2. I’ll stay here till Tom (get) back.

3. We’ll go out as soon as the shops(open).

4. The sooner we (start), the sooner we’ll get there.

5. We will send you the goods as soon as we(receive) your cheque.

6. The room doesn’t look particularly attractive now but when I (clean) and (paint) it, it will look quite different.

7. When we (see) the cathedral we’ll go to the museum.

8. The plane won’t take off till the fog (lift).

9. Don’t start smoking till the others (finish) their meal.

10. Advertisement: When you (drive) Jaguar once, you won’t want to drive another car.

2. Use “when”,”whenever”, “as” to fill the gaps in the following sentences.

1.... there were no buses we had to take a taxi.

2......the doors opened the crowd began pouring in.

3..... it became dark, he left his hiding place.

4.... he left the house he suddenly remembered where he’d seen her before.

5.... we were tired we sat down beside the stream.

6.... we approached the town we wondered whether there’d be rooms in the hotel.

7.....the manager is out today I’ll sign the letters.

8. I’ve given your old jacket away.... it is too tight for you.

9.... he is determined to get something he usually succeeds.

10. I’ll write in Spanish..... he doesn’t know English.

Point out the coordinate clauses (mark the elliptical ones) and comment on the way they are joined.

1. Cousin Feenix takes his leave and Mr.Carker takes his leave.

2. She closed the shutters, and Jude turned away to pursue his solitary journey home.

3. I only told him to leave my horse alone, or else it would kick him.

4. One small group was playing cards; another sat about the table and drank, or tiring of that, adjourned to a larger room to dance to the music of the vetrola or player-piano.

5. His eyes were bloodshot and heavy, his face a deadly white, and his body bent as if with age.

6. The major, coming with the rest of the company from the table, endeavors to comfort her; but she will not be comforted on any terms, so the major takes his leave.

7. I find the nights long, for I sleep but little, and think much.

8. I pass my days in court; my evenings and my nights here.

9. You’ll either sail this boat correctly or you’ll never go out with me again.

. 4. Analyze and translate the following sentences

1. What is thought of as tax policy in the United States cannot exist in the European Union because the EU levies no taxes of its own.

2. However ingeniously information-processing technology is used, what seems certain is that threats to traditional notions of privacy will proliferate.

3. What is more striking about Ireland’s new economy is how tightly it is linked to Europe and the world.

4. Exercising control over who knows what about you has also come to be seen as an essential feature of a civilised society.

5. What does motivate Scottish nationalism, and has also been the driving force behind demands for devolution of power from London over the past century, is the strong Scottish attachment to the country’s civic institutions.

6. What India says gets listened to respectively in that triangle south of the Himalayas; farther afield, its voice fades.

7. Whether the Prime Minister will be successful in his plea for an early improvement in world payment arrangements is rather doubtful. Whether Japan is a party to this collision is not evident.

8. While few would argue with the notion of engagement with China, what is most depressing is how the optimists continue to see the virtues of treating Beijing with kid gloves.

9. The most startling thing about the rapid rise of Vodafone, perhaps, is that it wasn’t the only mobile-phone upstart on the march.

10. The minority three-party coalition government, which controls 25% of the seats in the country’s legislature, the Storting (Norway), lacks the political muscle to withstand pressure from the opposition.

11. Encryption, which scrambles data for protection from eavesdroppers, is becoming key to electronic communications and commerce.

12. The original university which emerged in Italy and France in the 12^th and 13^th centuries, was what we would now call a professional school, designed to train theologians, doctors, lawyers, and philosophers who were usually teachers.

13. The lawsuit alleges that the airline failed to rescue the trapped passengers or allow them to leave the aircraft after several hours of what they said amounted to forced detention.

14. Nineteen companies involved in everything from property development to bicycle manufacturing announced that they would post losses in their earnings reports for last year, which are due by the end of April.

15. Singaporeans are used to their government taking a paternal interest in what they do and think, and to its perennial campaigns telling them how to behave.

16. In what may be a model for future operations, France has taken its soldiers out of the Central African republic, replacing them with an 800-strong African force from six African countries.

17. Sam constrained himself, however, and replied that his master was extremely well.

18. He has never since been what he might have been.

19. He was under the impression that an attempt was going to be made to convict him.

20. Then she came to New York where she remained two years.

21. Take the candle and go where you please.

22. When the lesson was over, I took advantage of the confusion caused by breaking up, to approach Miss Henri.

23. He had no resource but to remain where he was, until daylight appeared.

24. Whatever the topic, he had something uninteresting to say about it.

25. If anything particular occurs, you can write to me at the post-office.

26. As a companion he was so moody and silent that the two officers, his fellow-sufferers, left him to himself mostly.

27. Wherever he went, he charmed and domineered.

28. I was in real distress, as I can tell you.

29. Up came the man, and his face became more frightfully distorted than ever, as he drew nearer.

30. He was, as I saw him now, too fanciful and too erratic.

31. Her words as she spoke struck the chords of all his memory, and the whole of his boyhood and youth passed within him.

31. Her garments rustled as she rushed towards the door.

32. I’ll do it since it must be done.

33. He dreams of you day and night, and cannot be persuaded that you don’t hate him, since you neither write nor call.

34. They complained that he was conceited; and, since he excelled only in matters which to them were unimportant, they asked satirically what he had to be conceited about.

35. Though she was very light, she was out of breath, and could not speak at first, as she stood panting, and wiping her arms, and looking quietly at us.

36. Here her aunt’s attention was diverted from this tender subject by Totty, who, perceiving at length that the arrival of her cousins was not likely to bring anything satisfactory to her, began to cry.

37. The room, which was strewn with papers and nearly filled by a great writing table covered with similar litter, was, I must say, not only untidy, but very dirty.

38. He decided later that if she didn’t want him to know what she was doing, perhaps it was best that he should not.

39. The table was in no way different from the other, and it was not more advantageously placed, but because the oldest residents sat there it was looked upon as the most desirable place to sit, and several elderly women were bitterly resentful because Miss Otkin, who went away for four or five months every summer, should be given a place there while they who spent the whole year in the sanatorium sat at other tables.

40. He was developing a sense of humour, and found that he had a knack of saying bitter things, which caught people on the raw; he said them because they amused him, hardly realising how much they hurt, he was much offended when he found that his victims regarded him with active dislike.

UNIT VI MAKING TEXTS

When we speak or write we very often want to make some connections with other things that we are saying or writing.

There are several ways of doing this and they provide cohesion of the text.

The most common way of providing cohesion is by referring back to something that has already been mentioned. There are also a few ways of referring forward to what is about to say. People often avoid repeating words when they are referring back. This phenomenon is called ellipsis. Another way of providing cohesion is by using various cohesive words and phrases such as “firstly” and “in conclusion” that show the connection between things. They are often used as well as other adjuncts.

REFERRING BACK

When we speak or write we often refer back to something that has already been mentioned or make a connection with it.

- pronouns

One common way of referring back to something is to use a personal pronoun such as “he»,» she”, “it” or “them”, or a possessive pronoun such as “mine» or “hers”.

Davis opened a door. “Here is your room. I’m afraid it ’s a bit untidy.” He picked a dirty handkerchief off the floor and stuffed it in a drawer. The keeper came loping softly up the lane with the dog padding at his heels, and we watched them through the hedge as they went by. I held he r very close. My cheek was against hers.

- There are also other pronouns which can be used to refer back. These include such as “ another ” and “ many ” which have the same meaning as general determiners.

.... .....programmes which tell the computer to do one thing rather than another.

- A quantifier or a cardinal number can also be used for these purposes.

The women were asked to leave. Some of them refused.

These soldiers had no doubt that the invasion was upon them. Many of them had already been involved in fighting.

....the Guatemalan earthquake which killed 24,000 people and injured 77,000.

- Another common way of referring back to something is to use a specific determiner such as “ the ” or “ its ” in front of a noun.

A man and a woman were struggling up the dune. The man wore shorts, a T-shirt and basketball sneakers. The woman wore a print dress.

“Thanks”, said Brody. He hung up, turned out the light in his office, and walked out to his car.

- Some general determiners can also be used to refer back to something.

A dog was running around the yard. Soon another dog appeared.

A list of general determiners used to refer back to something:

Another, both, each, either, every, neither, other.

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