Rewrite the sentences replacing the italic part with a present participle.

1) She was talking to her friend and forgot everything around her. – Talking to her friends she forgot everything around her.

2) They are vegetarians and don't eat meat.

3) The dog wagged its tail and bit the postman.

4) While she was tidying up her room she found some old photos.

5) He was a good boy and helped his mother in the kitchen.

6) As they didn't have enough money they spent their holidays at home last year.

7) The man was sitting in the cafe. He was reading a paper.?

8) She walked home and met an old friend.

Rewrite the sentences replacing the italic part with a past participle.

1) I have a cat that is called Tari. – I have a cat called Tari.

2) The dinner was more expensive than they had expected.

3) He was accused of murder and arrested.

4) She was shocked by the bad news and burst into tears.

5) The event is organised by our team and will surely be a great success.

6) The film is based on real events and tells the story of a reporter.

7) She was born in Hollywood and knows all the famous movie stars.

8) The car was taken to the garage. It was repaired within an hour.

Rewrite the sentences replacing the italic part with a perfect participle.

1) We switched off the lights before we went to bed. - Having switched off the lights we went to bed.

2) The boy asked his mother's permission and then went out to play. -....... the boy went out to play.

3) As he had drunk too much, he didn't drive home himself. -...... he didn't drive home himself.

4) We have written two tests today, so we are very exhausted. -...... we are very exhausted.

5) She filled the washing machine and switched it on. -...... she switched it on.

6) She had been to the disco the night before and overslept in the morning. -...... she overslept in the morning.

7) We had worked in the garden all day and were sunburned in the evening. -...... we were sunburned in the evening.

8) She had not slept for two days and therefore wasn't able to concentrate. -...... she wasn't able to concentrate.

20. Transform the following sentences using participle phrases instead of the subordinate clauses.

Model: The boys who live in this house formed a football team. – The boys living in this house formed a football team.

1.The boy who was waiting in the hall expected a phone call. 2.Passengers who wanted to go to Liverpool had to change in Manchester. 3.The girl who was picked up by her brother was very nice. 4.The house that stands at the end of the road will soon be sold. 5.The conference which was planned by non-governmental organisations was about globalisation. 6.Irish people who live in Great Britain have the right to vote in British elections. 7.A friend who helps you in need is a good friend indeed. 8.A picture that shows the image of a person is a portrait. 9.The problems that were discussed will be essential for your exam. 10.Animals that eat plants are called herbivores.

Combine the clauses using participle phrases (Present, Past or Perfect Participle). Decide whether to use the conjunctions in the participle clause or not.

Model: When we arrived in London, we went sightseeing. – Arriving in London, we went sightseeing.

When I read this story, I came across many new words. – When reading this story, I came across many new words.

1.As she didn't have a boyfriend, she flirted with every guy she met. 2.Since he had never been there before, he was stunned. 3.Before he left the house, he switched off the lights. 4.As she was on holiday, she couldn't go to the party. 5.While she was preparing dinner, she cut her finger. 6.When I travel around Ireland, I always stay in youth hostels. 7.Since she didn't hear the doorbell, she missed the delivery. 8.After I had dropped him at the station, I drove straight to the supermarket. 9.While they were talking on the phone, they forgot everything around them. 10.When you speak English, pay attention to the order of words.

Complete the sentences with the present or past participle of the verbs.

Be destroy establish find read ruin translate use

1)........ new to the business, I need lots of guidance.

2)........ in the 19th century, the college has a long and distinguished academic tradition.

3) Jim's work became too much for him, eventually....... his health.

4)........ the course very difficult, she decided to transfer to a lower level.

5)........ sparingly, this herb will subtly improve the flavour of your recipes.

6) Completely........ in the 1963 earthquake, the church has been painstakingly restored.

7)........ the letter quickly, he soon understood that the news was very bad.

8) Beautifully........ by Caroline Jones, the short story has a poetic quality to it.

Unit 24 My Future Profession
	Vocabulary in Use Careers in Agriculture The World of Work Language Focus Participial Constructions

Vocabulary In Use

1. Find the Ukrainian equivalents in the right-hand column for the following:

1) challenge 2) next generation 3) motivated professionals 4) to set high standards 5) a hands-on approach 6) to be unemployed 7) to deal with 8) to keep abreast of

a) зацікавлені спеціалісти b) встановлювати високі стандарти c) ініціативний підхід d) не відставати від e) бути безробітним f) займатися g) виклик h) прийдешнє покоління

2. Match phrases to definitions:

1) a good salary 2) friendly colleagues 3) a good boss 4) opportunities for promotion 5) flexible working hours 6) holiday pay 7) sick pay 8) long holidays

a) nice people to work with b) the chance to get a better job at the company c) a good manager d) a lot of days off a year e) a lot of money for doing your job f) you can choose when you start and finish work g) you get paid when you are on holiday h) you get paid when you are ill

3. Fill in the gaps with the adjectives to describe jobs.

demanding well-paid badly-paid temporary

permanent full-time part-time stressful

challenging rewarding repetitive dull

1) A demanding job needs a lot of time and energy.

2) A ______ job makes you feel satisfied when you do it well.

3) If you have a ______ job, you worry about it a lot.

4) A ______ job is very difficult, but in an enjoyable way.

5) If you have a ______ job, you only work part of the working week.

6) In a ______ job you do the same things again and again.

7) You have a ______ job for only a short time.

8) If you have a ______ job, you work every day in the working week (usually Monday to Friday).

9) You have a ______ job for a long time.

10) A _____ job is very boring.

11) In a ______ job you earn a lot of money.

12) In a ______ job you don’t earn much money.

READING AND speaking

Read the text and say what career opportunities wait for those who plan to work in the agricultural and land-based industries.

Careers in Agriculture

Agriculture is the world's biggest business. The company of international trade in food and related agricultural products is enormous and increasing all the time. Managers with the highest levels of business skills are required.

Changes in approaches to farming throughout the world and the increasing demands of consumers point to a wide range of career opportunities and challenges for the next generation of graduates from universities and colleges which specialise in the agricultural and land-based industries.

Some of the challenges are daunting. The main challenge will be to provide enough food without further damage to the environment and against a background of increasing difficulties due to climatic change and the diminution and pollution of water supplies.

To meet this challenge, highly qualified and motivated professionals, armed with modern marketing, business and communication skills are essential. However, those with more traditional agricultural and land management training will also be required to back them up.

Career opportunities cover the whole spectrum of the agricultural industries from farmer to consumer, plough to plate.

Employers in the agricultural and land-based sector are setting higher and higher standards and expect their new employees to take a hands-on approach to the business and management aspects of their new careers.

Young people who are concerned about the environment, about the safety of our food or who simply enjoy the prospect of working in the land-based sector will benefit from study at one of Ukraine's agricultural training institutions. The career opportunities are endless. Agriculture doesn’t only provide a fulfilling and interesting choice of career, it also opens the doors to many other industries, due to the broad education, skills, training and experience that are required.

A) Read what the students, who have chosen agriculture as their career, say about their future professions.

Helen (future economist):

To become an agricultural economist you need an ability to make analytical decisions. You also need to learn economic theory, mathematics, computer skills, and modern decision-making tools in finance, marketing, and management. As an agricultural economist I must be able to analyze the financial situation and solve it to induce a profit. Through planning and organization I must be ready to create and coordinate activities and schedules of production. Agribusiness firms, that provide such things as feed, seed, fertilizer or capital, and those that process and distribute agricultural products, employ agricultural economists. Rural banks and input cooperatives employ agricultural economists to manage their operations. Many agricultural economists work for wholesale and retail food processing firms. So I believe I won’t be unemployed after graduation.

Alex (future manager):

Management deals mainly with people. A manager is a person who directly supervises people in an organization. On small farms, they may oversee the entire operation, while on large farms they may oversee a single activity, such as marketing. Farm managers also negotiate with banks and other credit lenders to get the best financing deals for their equipment as well as their livestock and seeds. They must also keep abreast of constantly changing prices for their products and be able to manage the risk of fluctuating prices. In future I hope to manage the day-to-day activities of an agricultural enterprise and spend a great deal of time communicating, coordinating and making decisions affecting its daily operations. I think managing is a very interesting, but at the same time difficult job.

Henry (future mechanic engineer):

My future profession deals with farm mechanisation. Agricultural engineers design agricultural machinery and facilities such as tractors, storage and handling facilities, and irrigation and drainage systems. People of this occupation must have good problem-solving abilities, as it is important for them to be able to discover the cause of a problem to repair it. They are expected to have the electrical, electronics, and computer programming skills to repair sophisticated equipment on their own. Engineers should be creative, curious, analytical, and detail-oriented. As an agricultural engineer I must understand physical and chemical principles well enough to apply them to solve problems.

Kate (future food technologist):

Food scientists and technologists generally work in product development. They use their knowledge of chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, and engineering to convert grain, livestock, fruit, and vegetables into new food products. Some food scientists are engaged in basic research, discovering new food sources, analyzing food content to determine levels of vitamins, fat, sugar, or protein. Others try to find ways to improve the content of food. They also develop ways to process, preserve, package, or store food according to industry and government regulations. As a food technologist I may also deal with inspecting food processing areas and ensuring that sanitation, safety, and quality standards are met. I dream of working for a big food processing company.

Susan (future specialist in marketing):

Marketing deals with market research and commercial activity in general. It involves analyzing business situations, evaluating market opportunities, developing market strategies and controlling their implementation. It is important for a specialist in marketing to be flexible and prepared to make adjustments where necessary, as it is unlikely that any marketing plan will succeed exactly as planned.

Mary (future lawyer):

Agricultural law is the study of the laws that impact this diverse world of agricultural production, marketing, and distribution. Because the industry itself is so varied, the laws and regulations relating to agriculture are some of the most extensive and complex of those of any industry. These laws encompass the unique aspects of many different areas of law, including environmental law, administrative law, commercial law, taxation, labour law, intellectual property law, and international trade. In addition, a wide range of local, state and federal laws are directed solely at agriculture. The present and future structure of agriculture, the safety of our food and the allocation of agricultural resources are among emerging policy issues which form the foundation of agricultural law today and in the future.

Bill (future agronomist):

I grew up working on my family’s vegetable farm, and I knew that I wanted to continue to farm. Now I’m studying agronomy. Agronomists deal with field crops and soil management. They develop new varieties of crops, analyze soil structure, investigate soil chemistry, and study the physics of water movement in soil. Agronomists are concerned with the environment. They are hired as crop consultants by farmers or big agricultural companies. They help them raise the best crop possible within economic and environmental reason. Today, I still plan working on my parents’ farm in future. However, I understand now that my career opportunities are much broader than I once thought.

Tom (future veterinarian):

I’ve always known that I wanted to become a veterinarian because animals are my life. Veterinarians can start their own businesses or work with others in group practices where they diagnose, treat, and help prevent disease and disabilities in animals. The doctor of veterinary medicine degree opens up many career choices. Veterinarians can be practitioners, researchers, administrators, and teachers. They may work with one or more species of animals. Veterinarians safeguard human health by controlling diseases that can spread from animals to humans.

John (future livestock specialist):

I was born in the city and I loved the idea of not only seeing farm animals but also being able to work with them. Animal science covers all aspects of animals from their diets to physiology to consumption. We study the genetics, nutrition, reproduction, and growth of domestic farm animals. The goal is to raise healthy animals at the lowest cost possible. This profession works to develop better, more efficient ways of producing and processing meat, poultry, eggs, and milk.

b) What is your future profession? What does it deal with?

6. How good are you at these things? Write ++(very good), +(fairly good) or – (not good at all) next to each item. Which of them are necessary for your future career?

being creative
applying new skills
solving problems
working independently
working on a team
using your hands
communicating ideas
working under pressure
following orders
working long hours
meeting deadlines
finding compromises

7. Read the information below and say if the financial reward is the main thing when you think of your future job?

Although the majority of people say that they work ‘for the money’, the financial reward isn’t actually the only thing that they think about. Recently the research has shown that people consider many different factors to be of importance when they make their choice. A worldwide survey of students showed that after graduation they would be looking for jobs that allowed them to balance their personal lives with their work lives.

It’s not just the younger generation who think like this either. There has even been an increase in the number of middle-aged workers who are moving away from highly-paid executive positions into less stressful jobs. They are looking for something which is more enjoyable and gives them more leisure time. All this has meant that employers are realizing that they need to do more than just offer good wages if they are going to keep their workers happy and motivated!

8. What is important for you in a job?Rank these things from 1 to 9.

___ a chance to travel

___ a supporting boss

___ an excellent salary

___ good benefits

___ easy work

___ friendly co-workers

___ flexible hours

___ a chance for promotion

___ a short commute

A) Read the story told by Karol, who is an architect.

The World of Work

The best thing about my job is that I don’t have to travel to work and I haven’t got a boss because I’m self-employed. I don’t have to wear a uniform because I work from home. Also, I’ve got flexible working hours so I don’t have to get up early in the morning. I can work when I want and I can go on holiday at quiet times of the year, when tickets and hotels are cheap. I like working at home because I see a lot of my daughter, who is six.

The worst thing about my job is that I don’t have a salary. I don’t get paid every month and I don’t get any holiday pay. Some months I earn a lot of money, but other months I don’t earn anything! Also, I have to fill in my tax forms every three months so I have to spend hours with a calculator. I hate that! I could pay an accountant but I don’t because it’s expensive.

On the whole, there are more good things than bad things about my job.

b) Make notes about Karol’s job.

good points	bad points
don’t have to travel to work …	…

Copy the table and make notes about your future job. Use these notes to speak about good and bad points of your future job.

SPEAKING TASK

Speak about your future profession

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Participial Constructions

Point out the Objective Participial Construction and translate into Ukrainian.

1) She liked to watch him digging or planting.

2) Jane watched her brother unpacking the clothes.

3) I found myself wondering about what he was going to do.

4) Suddenly he heard someone running down the stairs.

5) I could readily understand George falling in love with Lynn at first sight.

6) He saw the car coming over the rise of a hill.

7) She could hear the man and Soames talking together.

8) He found her having coffee in the sitting room.

9) She doesn’t want her sister worried.

10) We must have our tickets registered.

Complete the sentences using the Present Participle.

1) I smelled something (burn) in the house.

2) She did not see the car (come) closer.

3) Do you notice Tom (talk) to Amelia?

4) We heard the boys (knock) at the door.

5) We listened to the mother (sing) her child to sleep.

6) She could feel herself (blush).

7) I found my two cats (sit) on the table.

8) She jealously watched her boyfriend (flirt) with another girl.

14. Complete the sentences and make clear that the people don't / didn't do it themselves. (The first sentence is given as an example.)

1) Yesterday, (I / cut / my hair) I had my hair cut.

2) Every Friday, (Joe / wash / his car).

3) Tomorrow, (she / repair / her shower).

4) Each Saturday, (we / deliver / a pizza) to our home.

5) Last year, (Bob / clean / his house) by a charwoman.

6) As Phil had a broken arm, (he / type / his texts) by his wife.

7) (I / pick up / the goods) tomorrow in the afternoon.

8) (we / redecorate / our walls) last summer.

9) Whenever Clara is staying at this hotel, (she / carry / her bags) into her room.

10) (we / organise / our last party) by professionals.

Point out the Subjective Participial Constructions and translate into Ukrainian.

1) Through the window Florence was seen packing a suitcase.

2) In the evening Gertrude was found sitting on the porch of the neighbouring house.

3) One evening he was seen going into this very house

4) Some of the birds can be noticed sitting in the trees.

5) They were heard talking together.

6) Her footsteps were heard crossing the room.

7) A voice was heard calling his name.

8) Each day his short stout figure could be seen going along the corridor.

16. Point out Absolute Participial Constructions. Translate into Ukrainian.

1) Each of them being my friend, the news that they were engaged had interested me very much.

2) They sat out with the lantern, John telling his tale.

3) This question settled, the reunion was on again.

4) The last train having gone, we had to walk home.

5) Peter acting as guide, we shall easily find the caves.

6) Edwin was advancing through the undergrowth, his gaze fixed upon the ground.

7) Weather permitting, the football match will take place on Wednesday.

8) All the essays having been written and collected, the teacher sent the class home.

9) The classes finished, we went to have dinner.

10) The electrons move with various speed, their speed depending on the temperature.

17. Transform the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Absolute Participial Construction.

MODEL: As it was late, he bolted the windows. – It being late, he bolted the windows.

1) As the weather was unusually mild at that time of the year, we didn’t go skating.

2) After the sun had risen, we continued our way.

3) As it is rather cold, I put on my coat.

4) As his mother teaches English, he knows the language very well.

5) As it was a hot day, all of us were thirsty.

6) As my friend had bought the tickets beforehand, we did not need to hurry.

7) As all shops were closed, we couldn’t buy anything.

8) When the work had been done, they went home.

9) When the house had been built, we got a new flat.

10) As the key had been lost, she couldn’t get into the room.

18. Point out the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction and translate into Ukrainian.

1) Madge watched me as I sat there with my head drooping.

2) She was standing on the rock ready to dive, with the green water below inviting her.

3) She hurriedly left the room with her eyes red.

4) It was a lovely morning, with a keen breeze whipping the water.

5) The girl wandered away, with tears rolling down her cheeks.

6) The moonlit road was empty, with the cool wind blowing in their faces.

7) Then, with her heart beating fast, she went up and rang the bell.

8) I can't write with you standing there, Margery.

19. Translate into English using participial constructions.

1) Я чув, як він відчиняв двері.

2) Вона відчула, як він торкався до її руки.

3) Він спостерігав, як мама мила посуд.

4) Ми бачили, як вони повільно наближалися до нас.

5) Я чула, коли про нього говорили.

6) Мені надрукують цього листа.

7) Її помітили, коли вона переходила вулицю.

8) Оскільки ніч була темна, ми рухалися повільно.

9) Оскільки було дуже рано, я не міг знайти його.

10) Коли мій брат закінчив школу, моя сім’я переїхала до Луцька.

TEXTS FOR READING ON SPECIALITY

Management

Why Management Is Needed

Management is needed whenever people work together in an organization and to reach organizational objectives. The objective of most firms and companies is to provide services for people and to make a profit for the owners. If the firm stops giving service, people will no longer patronize it. If there are no profits, the company will soon be unable to perform the needed service.

To achieve objectives, managers need to maintain the balance among the conflicting demands of the stakeholders of an organization. Stakeholders are all those, who have a stake in an organizational success, including employees, owners, customers, creditors and others. Owners seek a satisfactory return on their investment; employees want good pay and comfortable working conditions; management must also please its customers, for without them the company will have little purpose; creditors, suppliers, trade associations should also be considered. So, management must balance the interests of different groups.

Management is also needed to achieve efficiency and effectiveness. Efficiency is ability to get things done correctly. An efficient manager is the one, who gets higher output relative to the inputs (labour, materials, money, machines and time). Effectiveness is the ability to choose the most suitable goals and proper steps to achieve them. That is, effective managers select the right things to do and the right methods for getting them done.

Management is the process of managing people. Any manager has some functions. He performs planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Planning is choosing an organizational mission, and then determining the courses of actions (programs, projects, methods, systems, strategies) to achieve them. All other functions depend on this one, for they can't succeed without sound, thorough planning and decision making.

Organizing is determining what resources and activities are required and delegating the authorities to employees, who are to carry out managers' instructions.

Plans and organization are useless without the function of leading. Leading is getting employees to do the things the manger wants them to do. Therefore, leader's qualities, style and power are very important. This function can be performed in the face-to-face manner, or through written orders and job descriptions.

For effective control there must first be planning, organizing and leading.

Learning How to Manage

The important thing to remember is that no one is born with management knowledge. People who wish to have a career as a manager must study the discipline of management as a means toward practicing the process of management. On the other hand, many individuals whose interest in management was or is strictly scientific have contributed knowledge to the field. Many psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists consider management to be very important social phenomenon and managers to be an important social resource. Their interest then, is strictly scientific; they want to understand and to explain the process of management. Numerous other professions such as mathematics, accounting, economics, law, political science, engineering, and philosophy also have contributed to the discipline of management.

Contemporary management knowledge is the product of three basic approaches: the classical approach, the behavioural approach, and the management science approach. We believe that the ideas of each approach contribute positively to the total body of knowledge of the discipline of management. Through these three approaches, you can see an evolution of what is known and what should be known about management.

Theories are important as organizers of knowledge and as road maps for action. Understanding the historical context and precursors of management and organizations provides a sense of heritage and can also help managers avoid repeating the mistakes of others.

Isolated pieces of evidence date interest in management back thousand of years, but a scientific approach to management has emerged only in the last hundred years. Over the course of the development management thought, three primary perspectives on management emerged. The earliest of these was classical management perspective. The other two schools of thought are referred to as the behavioural management perspective and the quantitative management perspective.

The Process of Management

The process of management consists of certain basic management functions such as: planning, organizing and controlling, linked together by leading. Planning determines what results the organization will achieve; organizing specifies how it will achieve the results; and controlling determines whether the results are achieved. Throughout planning, organizing and controlling, managers exercise leadership.

The planning function is the capstone activity of management. Planning activities determine an organization’s objectives and establish the appropriate strategies for achieving those objectives. The organizing, leading and controlling functions all derive from planning in that these functions carry out the planning decisions.

After managers develop objectives and plans to achieve the objectives, they must design and develop an organization that will be able to accomplish the objectives. Thus, the purpose of the organizing function is to create a structure of task and authority relationships that serves this purpose.

Once objectives have been developed and the organizational structure has been designed and staffed, the next step is to begin to move the organization toward the objectives. The leading function serves this purpose. Sometimes called directing or motivating, leading involves influencing the members of the organization to perform in that accomplish the organization’s objectives.

Finally, a manager must make sure that the actual performance of the organization conforms to the performance that was planned for the organization. This is the controlling function of management, and it requires three elements: established standards of performance, information that indicates deviations between actual performance and the established standards, and action to correct performance that does not meet the standards. Simply speaking, the purpose of management control is to make sure the organization stays on the path that was planned for it.

What Is a Manager

A number of different terms are used for “manager”, including “director”, “administrator” and “president”. The term “manager” is used more frequently in profit-making organizations, while the others are used more widely in government and non-profit organizations such as universities, hospitals and social work agencies.

What, then, is a manager?

When used collectively the term ''management" refers to those people who are responsible for making and carrying out decisions within the system.

An individual manager is a person who directly supervises people in an organization.

Some basic characteristics seem to apply to managers in all types of organizations. They include hard work on a variety of activities, preference for active tasks, direct personal relationships.

Almost everything a manager does involves decisions. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists. In decision-making there is always some uncertainty and risk.

Managing is a hard job. There is a lot to be done and relatively little time to do it. The engineer can finish a design on a particular day, and the lawyer can win or lose a case at a certain time. But the manager's job is like "Old Man River" - it just keeps going.

Economics

Accounting

Accounting shows a financial picture of the firm. An accounting department records and measures the activity of a business. It reports on the effects of the transactions on the firm’s financial condition. Accounting records give a very important data. It is used by management, stockholders, creditors, independent analysts, banks and government.

Most businesses prepare regularly the two types of records. That is the income statement and balance sheet. These statements show how money was received and spent by the company.

One major tool for the analysis of accounting records is ratio analysis. A ratio analysis is the relationship of two figures. In finance we operate with three main categories of ratios. One ratio deals with profitability, for example, the Return on Investment Ratio. It is used as a measure of a firms operating efficiency.

The second set of ratios deals with assets and liabilities. It helps a company to evaluate its current financial position. The third set of ratios deals with the overall financial structure of the company. It analyses the value of the ownership of the firm.

Financing

Corporations need financing for the purchase of assets and the payment of expenses. The corporations can issue shares in exchange for money or property. Sometimes it is called as equity funding. The holders of the shares form the ownership of the company. Each share is represented by a stock certificate, which is negotiable. It means that one can buy and sell it. The value of a share is determined by the net assets divided by the total number of shares outstanding. The value of the share also depends on the success of the company. The greater the success, the more value the shares have.

A corporation can also get capital by borrowing. It is called debt funding. If a corporation borrows money, they give notes or bonds. They are also negotiable. But the interest has to be paid out whether business is profitable or not.

When running the corporation, management must consider both the outflow and inflow of capital. The outflow is formed by the purchase of inventory and supplies, payment of salaries. The inflow is formed by the sale of goods and services. In the long run the inflow must be greater than the outflow. It results in a profit. In addition, a company must deduct its costs, expenses, and losses on bad debts, interest on borrowed capital and other items. It helps to determine if the financial management has been profitable. The amount of risk involved is also an important factor. It determines the fund rising and it shows if a particular corporation is a good investment.

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