Complete the sentences.

1) The National Flag of Ukraine consists of......

2) The colours of the flag symbolize......

3) The official Coat of Arms of Ukraine is......

4) On the emblem of Cossacks the trident was shielded by...

5) The variations of trident are present in......

6) The authors of the National Anthem of Ukraine are......

sPEAKING

Characterise the state system of Ukraine.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Modal Verbs

16. Complete these sentences. Use can or can’t and one of the words given below:

come

find

hear

see

speak

1) I am sorry but we _____ to your party next Saturday.

2) I like this hotel room. You _____ the mountains from the windows.

3) You are speaking very quietly. I _____ you.

4) Have you seen my bag? I _____ it.

5) Catherine got the job because she _____ five languages.

17. Put in can/can't if possible, if not use could or will be able to.

1) I am afraid I _____ come to your party next week.

2) When Tim was sixteen, he was a fast runner. He _____ run 100 metres in 11 seconds.

3) Are you in a hurry? - No, I have got plenty of time. I _____ wait.

4) I was feeling very sick yesterday. I _____ eat anything.

5) Can you speak up a bit? I _____ hear you very well.

6) You look tired. Yes, I _____ sleep last night.

7) I think I _____ speak English quite well in a few months.

8) Dr Parker _____ see you at 12 on Tuesday.

9) It's quite fine, Clara, the rain has stopped. We _____ have a small walk.

10) The mountains were a long way away and we _____ see snow on their tops.

11) She _____ travel again in a few weeks.

12) They knew the town so they _____ advise him where to go.

13) Mary usually leaves work at six, but she _____ leave earlier on Fridays.

14) Do you think one day people _____ travel to the stars?

15) She _____ do your job with no trouble at all.

Ask politely.

1) _____ I speak to Mr Pitt, please? — I'm afraid he's out at the moment. _____ you ring back later?

2) If a letter comes to me _____ you please forward it to this address?

3) _____ you tell me the time, please? — I'm afraid, I _____ not. I haven't got a watch.

4) _____ you lend me 2500 pounds? — No, I _____ not.

5) I wonder if you _____ help me? — With great pleasure.

6) Excuse me, _____ you tell me the time of the next train, please? — Yes, certainly. 11:30, platform 3.

7) _____ I have some more coffee, please?

8) _____ you come to the party at my place Thursday evening? — Thanks a lot. What time? Is it something special?

9) Excuse me, _____ you tell me the way to the nearest underground station? — Oh, I'm sorry, I _____ not. I'm afraid I'm lost myself. Let's ask the policeman over there.

10) _____ you help me with my luggage, please? — Yes, certainly.

19. Use the modal verb may.

1) Take your umbrella, it _____ (rain) today.

2) He is still at work! He _____ (come) late I am afraid.

3) Mum! My friends are having a party tonight. _____ (go) please?

4) He _____ (be) late because his flight has been delayed.

5) Look at those clouds! It _____ (rain) in a minute.

6) Nowadays, people _____ (travel) very easily all over Europe.

7) There _____ (be) a storm tonight.

8) I need a dictionary on the desk. _____ I take yours?

20. Choose the correct modal verb (can/could, may/might)

1) They (can/might) be away for the weekend but I'm not sure.

2) You (may/might) leave now if you wish.

3) (Could/May) you open the window a bit, please?

4) He (can/could) be French, judging by his accent.

5) (May/Can) you play the piano?

6) Listen, please. You (may not/might not) speak during this exam.

7) They (can't/may not) still be out!

8) You (couldn't/might not) smoke on the bus.

9) With luck, tomorrow (can/could) be a sunny day.

10) You (can/might) be right but I'm going back to check anyway.

21. Complete the following sentences with the required form of must/have to.

1) The buses were all full; I _____ get a taxi.

2) He sees very badly; he _____ wear glasses all the time.

3) You _____ read this book. It's really excellent.

4) The children _____ play in the streets till their mothers get home from work.

5) She felt ill and _____ leave early.

6) I never remember his address; I always _____ look it up.

7) If you go to a dentist with a private practice you _____ pay him quite a lot of money.

8) My neighbour's child _____ practise the piano for three hours a day.

9) I got lost and _____ ask a policeman the way.

10) Tell her that she _____ be here by six. I insist on it.

22. Fill in the blanks with mustn’t or don’t/doesn’t have to.

1) You _____ forget the results. They are very important.

2) He _____ get up early, but he usually does.

3) You _____ smoke here. It’s not allowed.

4) If you want to come early you can, but you _____.

5) This is a big secret so you _____ tell anyone.

6) No, I’m not busy. I _____ do all these invoices today.

7) The deadline is next week. I _____ miss it.

8) I _____ rush. The deadline is next month.

23. Fill in the blanks with the right modal (should/shouldn’t).

1) My car has broken down, I think I _____ call a mechanic.

2) Her hair is very long, I think she _____ go to the hairdresser's.

3) Brice is very ill today. I think he _____ go to the doctor's.

4) The road is wet. I think you _____ drive too fast.

5) Mike is very fat. I think he _____ eat more salads. He _____ eat so much junk food.

6) Emma is very shy. I think she _____ be more natural. She _____ be more self-confident.

Match the sentences.

1) My brother has hurt his back. 2) You must try that new restaurant in town. 3) Julia has to get up at 5 a.m. tomorrow. 4) I think you should have a haircut. 5) The meeting starts in five minutes. 6) I have to speak English in my job.

a) We must hurry. b) She should go to bed early. c) He should go to the doctor. d) Yes, I must get an appointment. e) You should take English classes. f) But you have to book a table.

25. Complete the text with the following:

have to

ought

must

can't

allowed to

shouldn't

Matthew is a doctor. He works at Brighton's General Hospital. Every day, Matthew _____ wake up at 6 o'clock to go to work. He lives 45 miles from the hospital, but he doesn't have a car, so he takes the train and then a bus everyday. All his friends think he_____ to buy a car, but he tells them he _____ afford it. All doctors are _____ park at the hospital and it's free of charge for them, which means they don't _____ pay. Matthew believes people _____ buy a car unless it's absolutely necessary, and travel by public transport, because cars pollute the air and cause many diseases.

Unit 12 Agriculture of Ukraine
	Vocabulary in Use Agriculture of Ukraine Agro-Ecological Zones Crop Rotation Language Focus Past Continuous Tense. Future Continuous Tense

Vocabulary In Use

1. Find the Ukrainian equivalents in the right-hand column for the following:

1) breadbasket of Europe 2) favourable combination 3) considerable volumes 4) cultivated land 5) GDP (gross domestic product) 6) household plot 7) oilseed crop 8) food staple

a) олійна культура b) валовий внутрішній продукт c) основний продукт d) сприятливе поєднання e) присадибна ділянка f) значні обсяги g) оброблювана земля h) житниця Європи

2. Match the words with similar meanings:

1) amount 2) grain 3) livestock farming 4) chief 5) apiculture 6) alcohol 7) labour

a) work b) beekeeping c) spirit d) animal husbandry e) quantity f) cereal g) main

Match the English words and their definitions.

1) property 2) branch 3) source 4) volume 5) enterprise

a) a place, person or thing that you get smth from; b) a business unit; c) a subdivision or subsidiary section of something more complex; d) a thing or things that are owned by sb; e) a large mass or quantity

Complete the sentences with the suitable words from the box.

exporters GDP climatic crops

black soil sources sector

1) The agricultural _____ plays a significant role in Ukraine’s economy.

2) Agriculture is one of the country’s key contributors to _____.

3) Ukraine’s agriculture is one of the main _____ of export.

4) Ukraine is one of the world’s top grain _____.

5) Ukraine’s _____ is very fertile.

6) Ukraine is comprised of three distinct _____ zones. It allows producers to vary _____ grown across the country.

READING AND speaking

Read the following text.

Agriculture of Ukraine

Historically, Ukraine is well known for its agricultural production. The country has for many years been known as the Breadbasket of Europe due to its ability to produce vast amounts of grain. Ukraine has a favourable combination of climatic conditions, land and labour resources, well-developed transport infrastructure, and close foreign markets. This accounts for the high potential of its agricultural production.

The country possesses considerable volumes of natural resources. Analysts estimate that one quarter of the world’s black soil reserves are located in Ukraine. The country’s black soil is deemed the best in the world because of its physical, chemical, agrochemical, and mineralogical properties.

Of Ukraine’s total area of 60.4 million hectares, 71% is agricultural land (including cultivated land, gardens, orchards, vineyards, and permanent meadows and pastures), 17% is used for forestry, the rest is for housing, industrial and other purposes.

Agriculture is the country’s second largest source of export (after steel industry). This sector produces 12,8% of GDP and employs 23.1 percent of the work force.

The main branches of agricultural production are crop growing and livestock farming.

Fertile soil makes it possible to grow a variety of crops. The weather is suitable for both winter and spring crops. Being a large grain producer, Ukraine is one of world’s largest grain exporters, supplying to 80 countries worldwide. The country is also the biggest exporter of sunflower oil and has substantial potential in growing and exporting rapeseed.

Winter wheat, spring barley, and maize are the country's main grain crops. Other cereals include buckwheat, oats, and millet.

Wheat is grown throughout the country, but central and south-central Ukraine are the key production zones. About 95 percent of Ukraine wheat is winter wheat, planted in autumn and harvested during July and August of the following year.

Barley has been the top feed grain in Ukraine for most of the past ten years. Spring barley accounts for over 90 percent of barley area, and the main production region is eastern Ukraine.

Maize is the third important feed grain in Ukraine. Only 25 to 50 percent of total maize area is harvested for grain; the rest is cut for silage and used chiefly for animal feed.

Sunflowers, sugar beets and rapeseed are the main technical, or industrial, crops.

Sunflowerseed is Ukraine's chief oilseed crop. Its production is concentrated in the southern and eastern regions. Sugar beets are grown primarily in central and western Ukraine.

Most cereal and industrial crops are produced by large agricultural enterprises that were established when Ukraine’s farm sector was restructured in April 2000. By contrast, nearly 90% of the country’s vegetables are grown on private household plots.

Ukraine's farmers produce large amounts of potatoes used as a food staple and for making starch and alcohol. Other major crops include tomatoes, cabbages, cucumbers, carrots, onions, squashes, apples, sour cherries.

The second largest branch of farm production is animal husbandry. Ukraine’s farms specialize in cattle breeding, pig raising, sheep rearing, horse breeding. Great progress has been made in poultry farming, fisheries, and apiculture. Livestock products include cattle, for beef and hides; dairy cattle for milk; sheep, for mutton (lamb) and wool; pigs, for pork and lard; poultry (chiefly chickens but also turkeys and ducks) for meat and eggs; and horses, primarily for recreation.

Currently, the agricultural sector is experiencing serious internal difficulties, due to the transitional nature of the economy. It faces many problems including a lack of working capital, weak state support. Many Ukrainian farms require new equipment and sufficient knowledge of modern farming technologies. But Ukraine is determined to re-establish its age old reputation as the breadbasket of Europe.

Answer the questions.

1) What conditions does Ukraine have for agricultural production?

2) Why is our black soil considered to be the best in the world?

3) How much land is used for agriculture?

4) What are the main branches of agriculture?

5) What grain crops do Ukrainian farmers grow?

6) What are the chief industrial crops?

7) What does animal husbandry specialize in?

8) What problems face Ukrainian agriculture nowadays?

Match the beginning of the sentence in A with its ending in B.

A

1) Ukraine has very favourable conditions for the development of agriculture: …

2) The principle areas of plant cultivation are …

3) Almost half the cropping area is occupied by cereals such as …

4) Among the industrial crops the leading position is occupied by …

5) Close to 40 types of vegetable crop are grown in Ukraine: …

6) The most widespread branches of animal husbandry are …

7) In poultry industry the birds farmed include …

8) Fish farming is growing in importance, …

9) Bee-keeping is extensively practised …

10) Fur animals being farmed include …

B

a) … cattle breeding, pig raising, sheep farming.

b) … winter wheat, maize and legumes, rye, oats and barley.

c) … fertile soils, temperately warm climate, a well-developed processing industry.

d) … the silver and blue fox, mink and nutria.

e) … sugar beet.

f) … grain crops, meadow culture, fruit and vegetable growing.

g) … cabbage, tomato, cucumber, red beet, carrot, onion, garlic, ets.

h) … on private plots.

i) … chicken, duck, goose, turkey.

j) … with carp, being the most common fish.

Read and translate the text.

Agro-Ecological Zones

There are three major agro-ecological zones:

· Polissia in the north (mixed forest zone, 19 percent of the entire Ukrainian territory),

· Forest Steppe to the south (33 percent)

· Steppe in the south (40 percent).

Polissia is the least ploughed part of the territory, characterised by a diverse mosaic of natural complexes, with many hayfields and pastures with 77.3 percent being natural pastures and 22.7 percent sown. The percentage of ploughed land here is 36.4 percent of the terrain. Conditions are suited to many cereals, pulse crops, potatoes, flax, forage crops and traditional development of beef-dairy cattle-raising. In recent years, small areas in the sown lands are often occupied with winter wheat, rye, spring barley, potato and perennial grasses. Potatoes are used for food and pig fattening, especially on private holdings.

Forest Steppe having fertile soils and favourable moisture conditions is characterised by a higher percentage of ploughed land, reaching 58.9 percent of the terrain. Conditions here are favourable for cereals, especially winter wheat and maize, peas, white beet, and potatoes. The moister northern and north-west areas suit perennial grasses. This zone may produce sugar beet with beef-dairy cattle raising and pig rearing. Sugar beet and grain are the main commodity industries. The percentage of forest land of the Forest-Steppe territory is about 12%. The woody vegetation is represented by broad-leaved oak, oak-hornbeam, oak-maple-linden woods. In the river valleys pine and oak-pine woods occur.

Steppe is also an intensively cultivated area. It has 62.3 percent of its area ploughed. Main crops include winter wheat and sunflower. Large areas are occupied by maize for green fodder and silage. Southern, droughty regions of the Steppe are suitable for viticulture. Animal industries include cattle and sheep rearing.

The piedmont and highland areas of the Crimea are where viticulture and horticulture are developed, where essential oil crops (rosemary, clary, lavender) and tobacco are grown. Highland hayfields and pastures promote development of cattle and sheep rearing. Sheep are also important on abundant natural pastures in the highlands of the Carpathians.

Say if the following statements are true or false.

1) There are three agro-ecological zones in Ukraine.

2) Steppe is in the south-west.

3) The least ploughed zone is Forest Steppe.

4) Winter wheat is grown in all zones.

5) Polissia has the most favourable conditions for grapes growing.

6) Natural pastures in the Carpathians are suitable for sheep rearing.

10. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and phrases:

мішані ліси, сіножать, орна земля, бобові культури, фуражні культури, багаторічні трави, родючі ґрунти, лісова рослинність, дуб, граб, клен, липа, сосна, виноградарство, підніжжя гори, високогір’я, шавлія.

Complete the table.

	Zone	Ploughed area	Crops and farm animals
	Polissia
	Forest Steppe
	Steppe

Read the text and give examples of different crop rotation schemes applied by the Ukrainian farmers.

Crop Rotation

The strategy of crop rotation involves changing the type of crops that are planted in a given section of field each growing season. Farms in Ukraine employ a variety of crop-rotation schemes, some including four or more crops, some only two.

A six-year crop rotation in the winter grain region often includes two consecutive years of wheat and one season of "clean fallow," during which no crop is sown. The chief reason for including fallow in the rotation is to replenish soil-moisture reserves, and it is more widely used in south-eastern Ukraine where drought is not uncommon. A typical crop sequence might be: fallow, winter wheat, winter wheat, sunflowers, spring barley, and corn. Wheat almost always follows fallow. This enables the wheat - which is typically the priority crop - to benefit from the reduced weed infestation. Some crop rotations include several consecutive years of a forage crop. An example of such a rotation would be: fallow, two years of winter wheat, and four years of perennial forage. The perennial forage is usually alfalfa. Farmers get three to four cuttings per year, five if the crop is irrigated.

A typical seven-year rotation might be: winter wheat, winter barley, sugar beets, winter wheat, winter barley, sunflowers, and corn. The vast majority of field crops, including grains, sunflowers, and sugar beets, are not irrigated. Traditionally, irrigation is used only on forage crops and vegetables. Roughly 5 percent of grains and 10 percent of potatoes, vegetables, and forage crops are irrigated.

13. Find in the text the English equivalents to the terms: сівозміна, земля під паром, засмічення бур’янами, зрошення. Match each term with its definition given below.

1) _________ - the delivery of water to grow crops.

2) _________ - the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons.

3) __________ - land left unseeded during a growing season.

4) __________ - the presence of a large number of unwanted plants in a field.

SPEAKING TASK

14. Speak about the main branches of Ukraine’s agriculture.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Past Continuous Tense

Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Continuous Tense.

1) The children were frightened because it _____ (get) dark.

2) Who _____ you _____ (talk) to on the phone as I came in? — I _____ (talk) to Mr Pitt.

3) While he _____ (learn) to drive he had twenty accidents.

4) This time yesterday I _____ (not/work), I _____ (lie) on the beach.

5) Tom ate nothing for lunch because he _____ (diet). He said he _____ (try) to lose 10 kilos.

6) The house was in great disorder because he _____ (redecorate) it.

7) She _____ (stand) at the bus stop. I asked her what bus she _____ (wait) for.

8) From the sounds it was clear that Mary _____ (practise) the piano.

9) Tom _____ (sit) in the corner with a book. I told him that he _____ (read) in very bad light.

10) Just as I _____ (wonder) what to do next, the phone rang.

11) I was alone in the house at that time because Mr Jones _____ (work) in the garage and Mrs Jones _____ (shop).

12) Where _____ he _____ (live) when you saw him last?

13) The traffic _____ (make) so much noise that I couldn't hear what he _____ (say).

14) When I walked in they all _____ (talk) about a new film.

15) I _____ (look) for my purse in every corner of the room.

Change the verbs in brackets to the Past Continuous to show that two actions are happening at the same time and for the same length of time.

1) I _____ on the grass relaxing while the band _____ classical music. (lie) (play)

2) It was a cold day. The wind _____ hard and the rain _____ heavily. (blow) (fall)

3) John _____ in the sea while the children _____ on the beach. (swim) (play)

4) We _____ the plans while our boss _____ about the project. (draw) (talk)

5) While John _____ the presentation, nobody _____. (give) (listen)

17. In the sentences below, something or someone interrupted the action. Insert the correct form of the verbs (shown in brackets at the end of each sentence) into the spaces.

1) A group of friends _____ dinner in an old house in the country when suddenly there _____ a noise and the door _____ slowly. (have) (be) (open)

2) John _____ in his office reading the newspaper when he _____ the sound of a car crash in the street. (sit) (hear)

3) Mary _____ home late one night when a strange man _____ her and _____ for a cigarette. (walk) (stop) (ask)

4) Policeman Plod _____ home one morning when his wife _____ to him from the door. "You've forgotten your umbrella!" she said. (leave) (call)

5) We _____ along a country road when suddenly a fox _____ out in front of the car and _____ at us. (drive) (jump) (look)

6) While I _____ my English grammar lesson, my roommate _____ in and _____ he wanted to watch the television. (study) (come) (say)

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses (Past Simple or Past Continuous).

Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela _____ (call). She said she _____ (call) me on her cell phone from her biology classroom. I asked her if she _____ (wait) for class, but she said that the professor was at the front of the hall lecturing while she _____ (talk) to me. I couldn't believe she _____ (make) a phone call during the lecture. I asked what was going on. She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students _____ (sleep, actually) in class. Some of the students _____ (talk) about their plans for the weekend and the student next to her ____ (draw) a picture of a horse. While we _____ (talk), I _____ (hear) her professor yell, "Miss, are you making a phone call?" Suddenly, the line _____ (go) dead. I _____ (hang) up the phone and went to the kitchen to make dinner. As I _____ (cut) vegetables for a salad, the phone _____ (ring) once again. It _____ (be) Angela, but this time she _____ (not/sit) in class.

Future Continuous Tense

Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Continuous Tense.

1) This time next month I _____ (sit) on a beach.

2) I'll call for her at 8. — No, don't, she still _____ (have) breakfast then.

3) I _____ (wait) for you when you come out.

4) My son will be in the 6th form next year. That means that old Dr Adder _____ (teach) him mathematics.

5) In a hundred years' time people _____ (go) to Mars for their holidays.

6) It's a serious injury but he_____ (walk) again in six weeks.

7) I'll come at three o'clock. — Good. I _____ (expect) you.

8) Stand there, they _____ (change) the guard in a minute and you'll get a good view.

9) You'd better go back now, your mother _____ (wonder) where you are.

10) We've just got to the top in time. The sun _____ (rise) in a minute.

Use the verbs below as the Future Continuous or Future Simple.

1) I _____ (see) them tomorrow. — I _____ (tell) them what you said.

2) You _____ (work) all tomorrow evening?

3) She _____ (stay) in Leeds all weekend.

4) She _____ (visit) our office next week. — I _____ (ask) her then.

5) I _____ (see) the sales manager at the marketing meeting on Monday and I'm sure she _____ (give) me the figures then.

6) I _____ (not/be able) to lend you a car tomorrow. I _____ (use) it all night.

7) Next year they _____ (live) in Spain.

8) I _____ (work) at home tomorrow. You can call me there.

Unit 13 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
	Vocabulary in Use The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland London Language Focus Perfect Continuous Tenses

Vocabulary In Use

1. Find the Ukrainian equivalents in the right-hand column for the following:

1) diversity of landscape 2) a great event 3) cultural heritage 4) the English Channel 5) the Strait of Dover 6) a mountainous peninsula 7) a warm current 8) a distinguished figure

a) Ла-Манш b) видатна подія c) культурна спадщина d) протока Па-де-Кале e) гористий півострів f) видатна постать g) різноманітність пейзажу e) тепла течія

Match the parts of the UK to their capitals.

England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland

Edinburgh London Belfast Cardiff

3. Match the words with similar meanings:

1) diversity 2) landscape 3) estuary 4) range 5) mountain 6) harbour

a) mouth b) hill c) port d) variety e) scenery f) chain

Fill in the correct prepositions.

1) England is separated _____ Scotland on the north _____ the granite Cheviot Hills.

2) The UK consists _____ four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

3) The Severn flows _____ the Irish Sea.

4) London is divided _____ four main parts: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End.

5) The mild and sunny climate makes the south coast of Great Britain popular _____ holiday-makers.

6) Kent is famous _____ its picturesque orchards.

READING AND speaking

Read the following text.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Britain is very small compared with many other countries in the world, yet it is a surprisingly varied land in many different ways: the diversity of landscape in different parts of the country; a long history that is rich in great events; a varied cultural heritage; long-lived customs and traditions; a rich mixture of peoples who live in the country. All together they make the image of Britain fascinating and exiting.

The full name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and a great number of small islands. Their total area is 244 820 sq. km. The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel, the narrowest part of which is called the Strait of Dover. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. Northern Ireland occupies one third of the island of Ireland. It borders on the Irish Republic in the south. The island of Great Britain consists of three main parts: England (the southern and middle part of the island), Wales (a mountainous peninsula in the West) and Scotland (the northern part of the island).

The population of the United Kingdom is over 60 million people. The country is inhabited by the English, the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish who constitute the British nation. English is not the only language. Welsh and Scots Gaelic are also used.

Great Britain is a highly industrialized country. The main industrial centres are London, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Glasgow and Bristol. The capital of the country is London.

There are no high mountains in Great Britain. In the north the Cheviots separate England from Scotland, the Pennine range stretches down North England along its middle, the Cambrian Mountains occupy the greater part of Wales and the Highlands of Scotland are the tallest of the British mountains. There is very little flat country except in the region known as East Anglia. The rivers of the country are short and of no great importance as waterways. Most of them flow into the North Sea. The Thames is the deepest of the British rivers while the Severn is the longest one. Britain’s principal ports are London, Liverpool, Manchester, Hull and Glasgow. They have splendid harbours. Owing to the shape of the country, any point in Great Britain is no more than 70 miles from the sea.

Great Britain is not very rich in mineral resources. It has some deposits of coal and iron ore and vast deposits of oil and gas that were discovered in the North Sea.

The warm currents of the Atlantic Ocean make the climate of Great Britain mild. Winters are not severely cold and summers are rarely hot. The grass remains green all year round. Thanks to climatic conditions, Britain looks like one great well-ordered park with its old trees and green meadows.

Answer the questions.

1) What is the full name of the country?

2) Where is the UK situated?

3) What separates Great Britain from the European continent?

4) What parts does the island of Great Britain consist of?

5) How many people live in the UK?

6) What mountain ranges are there on the territory of Great Britain?

7) Are the rivers of the country long? Which is the longest river?

8) What influences the climate of the country?

Complete the table with the geographical names using information from the text.

Islands:
Seas and oceans:
Rivers:
Cities:
Mountains:

Fill in each gap with the words from the box.

the North Sea Scotland the British Isles

the English Channel Ireland the Strait of Dover

1) The UK occupies most of the territory of _____.

2) Great Britain is separated from Europe by _____ in the east and by _____ in the south.

3) _____ is the narrowest part of the English Channel.

4) In the west, the Irish Sea and the North Channel separate Great Britain from ____.

5) The highest peak is Ben Nevis in _____.

9. Read about the main tourist attractions in London.

London

The capital of Great Britain is one of the most fascinating places in the world where races, nations and civilizations meet. Apart from its variety, London is also famous for its numerous historic buildings, monuments, museums, galleries, parks, theatres, cinemas and shops.

Traditionally, most tourists start visiting London from Westminster Abbey where all British sovereigns have been crowned. The magnificent Gothic Church is also famous for its numerous tombs and monuments to distinguished figures in Britain’s Past.

Not far away from Westminster Abbey is a massive complex of the Houses of Parliament built in the Gothic style in the 19th century. To the west of Parliament Square there is St. James’s Park, the oldest of London’s royal parks where tired tourists may rest for a while before they proceed to Buckingham Palace, the Queen’s residence. There they may observe the Changing of the Guard, a very colourful ceremony which takes place most mornings in the forecourt of Buckingham Palace. Leading east from the royal residence is Whitehall, a street crowded with government offices, ministries and the Prime Minister residence at Downing Street No.10.

When visiting historic London, tourists should not forget about the Tower of London. It is traditionally guarded by the Yeomen warders of the Guard (known as ‘Beefeaters’) who daily perform the Ceremony of the Keys (the ritual locking of various parts of the Tower). The former prison and royal residence is now a museum where visitors may see the fabulous Crown Jewels, the executioner’s block or the oriental and other armouries.

The centre of London has many different areas. As an interesting place to see is colourful Chinatown, a Chinese district full of oriental shops and restaurants. Shaftesbury Avenue separates Chinatown from Soho - the centre of London entertainment with numerous cinemas, theatres, discotheques, night clubs, pubs, restaurants and gambling clubs. To the south of Soho there is Picadilly Circus with its colourful neon signs, the statue of Eros and the Trocadero - a new development of shops, restaurants and entertainments.

The City of London is one of the world’s greatest financial centres and the historical centre of London. There are several banks, including the Bank of England and Stock Exchange. The most impressive building in this part of London is St. Paul’s Cathedral, the architectural masterpiece of Christopher Wren. It houses many graves and monuments to important figures in the history of England, such as Nelson, Wellington or Montgomery.

Visitors may relax in wonderful London’s parks: Richmond and Kew Gardens which are full of beautiful exotic plants and trees.

Match each place to its description.

1) Westminster Abbey 2) Buckingham Palace 3) Whitehall 4) Downing Street, 10 5) Tower of London 6) Soho 7) City of London

a) the residence of Prime Minister b) former prison and now the museum c) crowning and burial place of the British monarchs d) financial and historic centre of London e) Queen’s residence f) centre of entertainment g) street with important government offices

SPEAKING TASK

Make a short report on geography of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

12. Situation. You’re going to visit London. Speak on the places of interest you would like to see.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Perfect Continuous Tenses

13. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Continuous.

1) I _____ (make) cakes. That's why my hands are all covered with flour.

2) Her phone _____ (ring) for 10 minutes. I wonder why she doesn't answer.

3) Have you seen my bag anywhere? I _____ (look) for it for ages.

4) He _____ (work) in this company since 1985.

5) The film _____ (run/not) for ten minutes yet, but there's a commercial break already.

6) I _____ (ask) you to mend this window since summer. When are you going to do it?

7) I'm sorry for keeping you waiting. I _____ (try) to make a telephone call to Rome.

8) How long _____ (you/wear) glasses?

9) It _____ (rain) for two days now. There'll be a flood soon.

10) He _____ (study) English for two years and doesn't even know the alphabet yet.

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