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| 1) ecosystem 2) deforestation 3) erosion 4) monoculture | a) destruction of forests by human beings and their replacement by agricultural systems; b) the continuous growing of one type of crop c) a community of organisms interacting with each other and with their environment d) the process by which soil is gradually destroyed by wind or rain |
3. Match the words with similar meanings:
| 1) demand 2) livelihood 3) impact 4) core 5) erosion 6) confinement 7) welfare | a) income b) restriction c) centre d) destruction e) requirement f) wellbeing g) influence |
4. Underline the words that mean ‘ good for the environment ’:
| environmentally friendly | contaminated | ||
| hazardous eco-friendly | |||
| sustainable | recyclable | ||
| polluted | biodegradable | ||
| renewable | organic |
Fill in the words from the list.
| environment generations | agroecology pasture | techniques tillage |
Farmers of sustainable agriculture look at agriculture and ecology together, and refer to it as 1) ____. By using farming 2) ____ such as crop rotation, conservation 3) ____, raising animals on 4) ____ and natural fertilization, sustainable farmers produce food without having a negative effect on the 5) ____. Instead of harming soil, air and water, sustainable farms actually enhance and preserve the land so that future 6) ____ can continue to use it for food production.
READING AND speaking
Read the following text.
Sustainable Agriculture
The world’s population is expected to rise dramatically over the next 40 years, to 9.2 billion by 2050. At the same time, economic development will lead to an increase in demand for meat, dairy, vegetables and fruit. To feed the world and to feed it well, global food production will need to double by 2050. The problem, however, is that half of the habitable land on Earth is already used for farming. As resources are limited, the challenge is to achieve global food security while having a positive impact on the environment and society. Sustainable agricultural practices provide the solution.
In simplest terms, sustainable agriculture is the production of food, fibre, or other plant or animal products using farming techniques that protect the environment, public health, human communities, and animal welfare. This form of agriculture enables us to produce healthful food without compromising future generations' ability to do the same.
Sustainable agriculture takes many forms, but at its core is a rejection of the industrial approach to food production developed during the 20th century. This system, with its reliance on monoculture, mechanization, chemical pesticides and fertilizers, biotechnology, and government subsidies, has made food abundant and affordable. However, the ecological and social price has been steep: erosion; depleted and contaminated soil and water resources; loss of biodiversity; deforestation; and the decline of the family farm.
Sustainable farms produce crops and raise animals without relying on toxic chemical pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, genetically modified seeds, or practices that degrade soil, water, or other natural resources. By growing a variety of plants and using techniques such as crop rotation, conservation tillage, and pasture-based livestock husbandry, sustainable farms protect biodiversity and foster the development and maintenance of healthy ecosystems.
Food production should never come at the expense of human health. Since sustainable crop farms avoid hazardous pesticides, they're able to grow fruits and vegetables that are safer for consumers, workers, and surrounding communities. Likewise, sustainable livestock farmers and ranchers raise animals without dangerous practices like antibiotics or growth promoters. They treat animals with care and respect. By raising livestock on pasture, these farmers enable their animals to move freely, engage in instinctive behaviors, consume a natural diet, and avoid the stress and illness associated with confinement.
A critical component of sustainable agriculture is its ability to remain economically viable, providing farmers, farmworkers, food processors, and others employed in the food system with a livable wage and safe, fair working conditions. Sustainable farms also support local and regional economies, creating good jobs and building strong communities.
As it can be seen sustainable agriculture gives equal weight to environmental, social, and economic concerns in agriculture - all three must be considered together. Focusing on one or two in isolation will not give the desired results. From an ecological perspective, sustainable agriculture must contribute to conserving and improving soil fertility and water quality, restoring biodiversity and making economical use of energy. The social dimension covers labour rights and the health of communities, including access to and affordability of food, labour rights and community health. Food quality, safety and animal welfare are also important social aspects. On the economic side, sustainable agriculture is productive, efficient and competitive. The benefits should be seen in farm profitability, in thriving local economies, and throughout the whole value chain.
Answer the questions.
1) Why is it necessary to increase food production in the world?
2) What is sustainable agriculture?
3) What does industrial farming rely on?
4) What are the consequences of factory farms’ activity?
5) What techniques are used by sustainable crop farms?
6) In what way do sustainable livestock farmers raise animals?
7) What are the three concerns considered by sustainable agriculture?
8. The primary benefits of sustainable agriculture are:
Find in the text the arguments to each of them.
Sustainable agriculture has environmental, social and economic dimensions that must be considered together. Complete the table with the words and phrases from the box.
| Biodiversity Labour Rights Water | Community Health Climate Food Quality and Safety | Livelihoods Soil Farm Profitability |
| Sustainable Agriculture | ||
| Environmental Impacts | Social Impacts | Economic Impacts |
| Biodiversity … | … | … |
Use the following words to fill in the blanks.
| quality development energy incomes | fertility biodiversity customs, traditions and norms foods |
From an ecological perspective, sustainable agriculture must contribute to conserving and improving soil 1) _____ and water 2) _____, restoring 3) _____ and making economical use of 4) _____.
In economic terms, sustainable agriculture must improve 5) _____ and offer farmers a secure income. It must deliver long-term improvements in nutritional status and ensure access to 6) _____.
From the social point of view, sustainable agriculture must involve disadvantaged farmers in 7) _____, and take account of social 8) _____, including taboos. It should utilise local knowledge and distribute work and income equitably between the members of a household, and between the genders and generations.
Read the text and match the headings to the paragraphs (A-E).
Animal Health Benefits
Keeping Small Farmers in Business
Farming Technique
Environmental Benefits
Human Health Benefits
Sustainable Livestock Husbandry
A _____
Truly sustainable livestock farming requires the use of a pasture-based system. Pasture-raised animals roam freely in their natural environment where they're able to eat nutritious grasses and other plants that their bodies are adapted to digest. In addition to dramatically improving the welfare of farm animals, pasturing also helps reduce environmental damage, and yields meat, eggs, and dairy products that are tastier and more nutritious than foods produced on factory farms.
B _____
Animals raised on pasture enjoy a much higher quality of life than those confined within factory farms. When raised on open pasture, animals are able to move around freely and carry out their natural behaviours. This lifestyle is impossible to achieve on industrial farms, where thousands of animals are crowded into confined facilities, often without access to fresh air or sunlight. Pasture-raised animals also enjoy a diet free of the unnatural feed additives routinely administered on factory farms. On pasture, animals get all the nutrients they need from grass and forage (other plants), and some animals, like chickens, get additional vitamins and protein from eating insects.
C _____
A growing body of research indicates that pasture-raised meat, eggs, and dairy products are better for consumers' health than conventionally-raised, grain-fed foods. In addition to being lower in calories and total fat, pasture-raised foods have higher levels of vitamins, and a healthier balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fats.
D _____
Pasture-based systems can help the environment, especially through fertilizing the soil and by reducing the amount of grain produced as feed. And unlike industrial farms, which rely on large amounts of fossil fuels to truck feed and animal waste, pasture-based systems take advantage of the animal’s ability to feed itself and spread its own manure.
E _____
When you buy pastured meat, you're not only taking a step to safeguard your health, protect the environment, and improve animal wellbeing, you're also supporting sustainable farming and the farmers who choose to practice it. Small, local family farmers are invaluable members of the nation’s rural communities and play a key role as stewards of the land.
Read the statements and decide if they are true or false.
1) Animals raised on pasture have a much higher quality of life.
2) Pasturing increases environmental damage.
3) Factory farms concentrate an unnatural number of animals in one place.
4) Pasture-raised animals are given feed additives.
5) Pasture-raised foods are more healthful.
6) Pasture-raised animals feed themselves and spread their own manure.
SPEAKING TASK
Speak about the principles of sustainable farming.
14. Think of what organic farming and sustainable farming have in common. What is different?
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Sequence of Tenses. Reported Speech
Complete the sentences in reported speech.
1) "He will come tomorrow." - She told me that he _____ tomorrow.
2) "I see the clouds." - He told me that she _____ the clouds.
3) "My mother takes the bus to work." - He told me that his mother _____ the bus to work.
4) "I will call you." - I told her that I _____ her.
5) "I have been there." - She told me that she _____ there.
6) "I will be studying the whole day." - I told him that I _____ the whole day.
7) "Open the window!" - He asked me _____ the window.
8) "I am happy." - She told me that she _____ happy.
9) "I have seen that movie." - He told me that he _____ that movie.
10) "I am flying to India tomorrow." - He told me that he _____ the following day.
Match.
| 1) Where are you? | a) She asked me where I would be staying. |
| 2) Where were you? | b) She asked me where I had lived. |
| 3) Where do you live? | c) She wanted to know where I would live. |
| 4) Where is he? | d) She wondered where he was. |
| 5) Where will you live? | e) She wanted to know where I was going. |
| 6) Where did you live? | f) She asked me where I had been. |
| 7) Do you live here? | g) She asked me where I lived. |
| 8) Where are you going? | h) She asked me if I lived there. |
| 9) Where will you be staying? | i) She wanted to know where I was. |
Complete the sentences.
1) Do you want to come? – He asked me _____
2) Is Isabel coming? – She wanted to know _____
3) Can you do it? – He asked me _____
4) Did you get there on time? – Sue asked me _____
5) Have you done it yet? – He wanted to know _____
6) Will you do it? – Paul asked me _____
7) Do I have to go? – Jamie asked me _____
8) Were you sleeping? – He wanted to know _____
18. Use the correct form of "say" or "tell" in these sentences.
1) She _____ me she didn't agree.
2) Why didn't she _____ good-bye?
3) I _____ I wanted to buy a magazine.
4) I _____ them I wasn't happy with their work.
5) She _____ me a story about her parents.
6) _____ me what you need.
7) He _____ "Are you feeling OK?"
8) "Have you _____ the doctor about it?"
9) She smiled, and _____ to me, "I'm very pleased to meet you. "
10) I didn't hear what he _____.
Choose the proper adverb or adverbial phrase.
1) Ann said they were going on a trip (next week, the following week).
2) She told me she'd overslept (today, that day).
3) He told me his uncle had died (last year, the previous year).
4) They said they had visited her (this morning, that morning).
5) Tom said he'd be able to help me with English (tomorrow, the next day).
6) He told us his favourite team had lost the game two days (ago, before).
7) She said she'd phone me (this, that) evening.
8) Peter told me he had attended Professor Nelson's lecture (yesterday, the day before).
9) She said she would have to go to the department store (next Wednesday, the following Wednesday).
10. Stephen's brother said Stephen was going to bring some records to the party (tonight, that night).
Put the following into indirect speech. In most cases the person addressed must be supplied.
1) "Take me up to the 33rd floor," he said to the liftman.
2) "Would you turn the car engine off, please?" he asked.
3) "Show the boarding card to the man at the foot of the gangway," said the clerk.
4) "Sit down and tell me what is worrying you," he said to her.
5) "Don't drive too close to the car in front," said the driving instructor.
6) "Will you help me to move the piano, please?" said my aunt.
7) "Read the questions twice," said the teacher
8) "Wait for me at the bridge," said the young man.
9) "Don't forget to put your name at the top of the page," he said.
10) "Could you please ring back in half an hour?" said the secretary.
21. Report the following sentences.
1) “Don’t look at people like that!” - She told me.....
2) “I have never used bad language before.” - He claimed.....
3) “I won’t pay back all my debts in ten years.” - My father said.....
4) “Read the instructions carefully before beginning the test.” - The teacher told the class.....
5) “We decided to take longer holidays than last year.” - She said.....
6) “I’m not going to let you ruin your life.” - My mum announced.....
7) “Don’t drive over 50 mph on this road.” - The police officer ordered the careless driver.....
8) “And I want to stay here for two months.” - She added.....
9) “Could you give me a hand with the cleaning, please?” - My sister asked me...
10) “I was arguing with my boyfriend until 11 o’clock at night.” - Barbara admitted.....
Put the following into indirect speech making the necessary changes.
1) "I've been in London for a month but so far I haven't had time to visit the Tower," said Rupert.
2) "I'll come with you as soon as I'm ready," she replied.
3) "You haven't given me quite enough. The bill is for $14 and you've paid me only $13," he pointed out.
4) "We like working on Sundays because we get double pay," explained the builder.
5) He said, "I've spoken to the manager about the terms of delivery of the machine."
6) "Yesterday Tom and I went to look at a house that he was thinking of buying," said Celia.
7) "I wrote to him a few days ago. I wonder why he hasn't rung up," she said.
8) "I can't get into the house because I have lost my key," he said.
9) "I found an old Roman coin in the garden yesterday," he said," and I'm going to take it to the museum this afternoon."
10) "If it rains this afternoon it'll be too wet to play the match tomorrow," said the captain.
Translate into English.
1) Усі були впевнені, що Анна успішно складе іспит.
2) Роберт сказав матері, що він запросив на пікнік своїх друзів.
3) Учитель сказав Тому, що йому доведеться робити доповідь у суботу.
4) Марія сказала, що читає цікавий детектив.
5) Вона сказала,що за два дні до того зустрічалася з ним на виставці.
6) Він каже, що приїде увечері.
7) Вона попросила професора перевірити її курсовий проект.
8) Містер Браун запитав нас, чи хочемо ми переглянути новий фільм.
9) Лікар сказав йому кинути курити.
10) Секретар запитала, до якого часу я завершу переклад статті.
| Unit 19 Farming in the 21st Century | |
| Vocabulary in Use Biotechnology for Plants, Animals, and the Environment Agriculture and Science for the Twenty-First Century Language Focus Infinitive. Forms and Functions |
Vocabulary In Use
1. Find the Ukrainian equivalents in the right-hand column for the following:
| 1) parent plant 2) human genome 3) nutritional needs 4) cutting-edge research 5) advantageous characteristics 6) genetic engineering 7) common concern | a) геном людини b) сучасні дослідження c) вихідна (батьківська) рослина d) корисні властивості e) генна інженерія f) спільна турбота g) харчові потреби |
Match the words to their definitions and give their Ukrainian equivalents.
| 1) biotechnology 2) crossbreeding s) offspring 4) trait 5) nutrient | a) a characteristic feature or quality b) the branch of technology that utilizes living organisms or biological systems to modify humans and their environment c) any substance that nourishes an organism d) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids e) a person’s child or an animal’s baby |
3. Match the adjectives with similar meanings:
| 1) resistant 2) vulnerable 3) beneficial 4) harmful 5) nutritious 6) available | a) defenceless b) advantageous c) accessible d) bad e) firm f) nourishing |
Match the beginning of the sentence in A with its ending in B.
A
1) The use of biotechnology techniques in agriculture is known as …
2) Humans have been making use of biotechnology …
3) The most primitive examples of biotechnology include …
4) Animal breeding is also …
5) A major part of agriculture research involves …
6) Biotechnology can also improve …
B
a) … the breeding of dogs and using yeast to make bread rise.
b) … a form of biotechnology.
c) … agricultural biotechnology.
d) … the nutritional value of food and improve it's appearance and taste.
e) … since they discovered farming.
f) … transforming the genetic structure of the crops.
READING AND speaking
Read the following text.
Biotechnology for Plants, Animals, and the Environment
Along with the multitude of different farming techniques, another issue that affects farmers is biotechnology. As producing food efficiently becomes more critical, scientists and farmers have turned to the science of genetic engineering.
Modern biotechnology is a refinement of the breeding techniques that have been used by farmers to improve plants for thousands of years. Scientists have improved plants since the late 1800s by changing their genetic makeup. This has been accomplished through techniques such as crossbreeding and hybridization, where two related plants are cross-fertilized and the resulting offspring have characteristics of both parent plants.
Many foods already commonly available that are products of these techniques include hybrid maize, nectarines (genetically altered peaches), and tangelos (a hybrid of tangerine and grapefruit). Today, by inserting one or more genes into a plant, scientists can produce a plant with new, advantageous characteristics. Because of the increased precision offered by bioengineered methods, the risk of introducing negative traits is likely to be lessened.
Genetic engineering can be used to modify the genetic compositions of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Currently, technology is used mainly to modify crops. Genetically engineered products must go through a period of research and development before they can be used.
During the past decade, biotechnology has made available genetically engineered crops - corn, soybean, and cotton - that have been altered to control insects and weeds. Crops are being engineered to better tolerate the effects of herbicides, insects, and viruses. Food animals, such as engineered fish, are also being studied.
Some scientists are concerned that engineered products might be harmful to people’s health or to the environment. Common concerns include the possibility that engineered crops might contaminate the food supply with drugs, kill beneficial insects along with harmful ones, cross-pollinate with wild species, or otherwise impact natural resources. Some worry that engineered fish could alter native ecosystems, even killing off native species. Other scientists disagree, saying that traits developed by modern biotechnology are more predictable and controllable than the hybrid methods used in the past and that we have a better understanding of the changes being made and are in a better position to understand safety issues.
Scientists are also experimenting with ways to delay the ripening of tomatoes. They are working on methods to increase dairy cows’ milk production. Plants and foods produced using biotechnology are put through strict testing procedures before being offered to the public.
In the future, scientists may find ways to engineer animals to produce leaner meat, engineer chickens and turkeys to resist avian diseases, and produce plants that are not vulnerable to insects. New developments and discoveries are being made all the time in this fast-paced branch of science and technology.
Answer the questions.
1) Why have farmers turned to genetic engineering?
2) What techniques have been used by farmers to improve plants?
3) What is crossbreeding?
4) What is genetic engineering used for?
5) What are the possible negative effects of genetic engineering?
7. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
агротехніка, техніка розведення, генетична структура, кросбридинг та гібридизація, гібридна кукурудза, персик, мандарин, небажані ознаки, генетично модифіковані культури, корисні комахи, більш передбачуваний та контрольований, питання безпеки, дозрівання помідорів, хвороби птиці.
Read and translate the text.
Agriculture and Science for the Twenty-First Century
Although there is plenty of food in the world, a lot of it is in the wrong place – most of the food exists only in developed countries (like the United States). In order to feed all the people in the world, farmers have to find more efficient ways of farming.
Farming is hard work. It is also a science. Farmers benefit from the research and discoveries of scientists. Scientists, over the years, have helped farmers by breeding better livestock, improving farming equipment and machinery, creating more effective fertilizers, and crossbreeding crops in order to improve them. Scientists conduct their research in laboratories, factories, universities, and on farms. What is eaten and how farming is done in the future depends largely on science. It also depends on governments in different parts of the world.
Plant breeders are constantly finding new crops developed to suit all types of soil and climate. Research into new varieties of crops is going on all over the world. This type of science is called crossbreeding – two different crops can be combined in order to produce a new type of crop that has characteristics of both the parent crops. This process produces new types of food. It also allows the good traits from two different crops to be combined to form better and much stronger offspring. This can make crops more resistant to hot climates, cold climates, dry climates, poor soils, insects, and many other things.
As advances are made in communication, information, and transportation technologies, their effect has been to “shrink” the globe, making goods and services more readily available to everyone on a worldwide basis. The effects of this also affect food and agriculture. State-of-the-art scientific techniques now exist to study the need for nutrients over the entire human life cycle. Unravelling the human genome may spur the development methods to identify the nutritional needs of individuals. Upcoming technological advances in understanding the plant and animal genome sequences provide a way to improve not only nutritional needs, but also process-related and environmental needs. Research to identify and link at-risk populations to scientific discoveries promises advancements in reducing malnutrition and obesity.
With the advent of cutting-edge research and new technology, discoveries are being made in the production of agriculture, food safety, and nutrition. These discoveries are then passed on to farmers, ranchers, consumers, food processors, and others who can use them.
Say if the statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.
1) There is enough food for people in all parts of the planet.
2) Scientists help farmers in different ways.
3) Plant breeders deal with developing new types of equipment and machinery.
4) It is impossible to combine the good traits of two different crops in a new type of crop.
5) Modern technological advances affect agriculture.
SPEAKING TASK
10. Until recently the drive for farming was produce more food. But 21st century expectations are more complex. Farming should be environmentally responsible, deliver attractive landscapes, historic features and cultural values, diversity of wildlife and habitats, public access – and still produce affordable wholesome food. Give your ideas about the main tasks of agriculture in future.
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Infinitive. Forms and Functions
Define the form of the Infinitive.
1) I am glad to have given you a dictionary.
2) I am glad to have been given a dictionary.
3) We want to inform you about it.
4) We want to be informed about it.
5) Children like to be told tales.
6) You seem to have been sitting for a long time.
7) I can’t hear a word, though he seems to be speaking.
8) He was very sorry to have missed so many lessons just before the exam.
12. Insert ‘to’ where necessary before the infinitives.
1) She began _____ talk of Brighton.
2) You must _____ take care not _____ offend her.
3) We had _____ put on our overcoats because it was cold.
4) My neighbour let me _____ borrow his own car.
5) It’s high time for you _____ go to bed.
6) May I _____ use your telephone?
7) They heard the girl _____ cry out with joy.
8) I would rather _____ stay at home today.
9) He did not want _____ play in the yard any more.
10) You look tired. You had better _____ go home.
13. Use the infinitive in the required form of the active voice.
1) The girl pretended _____ (to read) a book and not _____ (to look) at me.
2) I'm sorry _____ (to bother) you in this stupid way.
3) I'm sorry _____ (to disappoint) you but I didn't mean anything of the kind.
4) Good-bye, Mr Jackson. Glad _____ (to be) of service to you.
5) I wanted _____ (to ask) you about it long ago, but I had no opportunity.
6) Don't worry about him, he is sure _____ (to have) a good time at the moment.
7) This man must _____ (to sit) here for about an hour. Who can he _____ (to wait) for?
8) You should _____ (to ask) someone (to help) you (to carry) this heavy box. This might not (to happen).
14. Use the infinitive in the non-perfect form of the active or passive voice.
1) I hate _____ (to bother) you, but the man is still waiting (to give) a definite answer.
2) What he took to writing for was not _____ (to earn) a living but a name. All he wanted was _____ (to read) and not _____ (to forget).
3) The idea was too complicated _____ (to express) in just one paragraph. It seemed it would take more than a page _____ (to put) it into words.
4) He hated _____ (to bother) with thrilling matters when he had many more important questions _____ (to decide).
5) Is there anything else _____ (to tell) him? I believe he deserves _____ (to know) how the matter stands and _____ (to tell) all about it.
6) The book is likely _____ (to appear) on sale pretty soon.
7) Wrap up my lunch, child. I must _____ (to go). He doesn't like _____ (to wait).
8) Poor girl, she didn't know what _____ (to do). And there was nothing _____ (to do) but to knit all day long.
9) She would never miss a chance _____ (to show) her efficiency, she was so anxious _____ (to like) and _____ (to praise).
10) She didn't want _____ (to bother) anyone and she didn't mean _____ (to bother).
Use the infinitives from the box
A) as subject
| to give up | to know | to look up | to lose | to forget |
1) It takes an effort _____ weight.
2) _____ the map well means to be able to show any country or town on it.
3) _____ the past was impossible.
4) It's difficult for him _____ smoking.
5) It took him half an hour _____ the words in the dictionary.
B) as predicative
| to try | to visit | to become | to reach | to tell |
1) My next plan for the holiday is... Europe.
2) The place is difficult... by land.
3) The only thing she could do was... the truth.
4) His life's ambition was... an economist.
5) There was no water nearby and the only thing was... to find it somewhere.
C) as object
| to post | to join | to lock | to switch off | to retire |
1) He asked me... his party.
2) Oh, no! I completely forgot... the safe!
3) He decided... when he reached the age of 60.
4) I'm sorry I forgot... your letter.
5) Don't forget... the light, when you go out of the room.
D) as attribute
| to live | to keep | to find | to be answered | to joke |
1) There was nothing … him at home that night.
2) There are so many letters ….
3) It isn't a thing … about. It's a serious matter.
4) They decided that it was a nice little town … quietly for a while.
5) It was the best time … them all at home.
E) as adverbial modifier of purpose
| to ask | to get rid | to invite | to relax | to get |
1) Sally took an aspirin …of her headache.
2) I take long walks….
3) She stayed after classes …her professor some questions.
4) She has to wake up early … to work on time.
5) I called Betsy … her to the party.
16. Combine the following pairs of sentences into one using the infinitive as an adverbial modifier of result. Use too or enough where necessary.
1) He felt excited. He couldn't sleep. – He felt too excited to sleep.
2) I was tired. I couldn't go out with them.
3) He was angry. He couldn't care what he did.
4) Bill was angry with me. He didn't invite me to his party.
5) He wasn't manly. He couldn't admit his mistake.
6) They were polite. They didn't say that it was your fault.
7) The boy was sleepy. He couldn't read the text to the end.
8) My cousin was optimistic. She applied for the job again.
9) The old man was broad-minded. He sympathized with the younger generation.
10) James was rich. He could buy a new house.
Translate into English.
1) Важливо мати гарних друзів.
2) Вам знадобиться двадцять хвилин, щоб дістатися до вокзалу.
3) Вона була рада отримати так багато подарунків.
4) Моя мета – стати гарним спеціалістом у цій галузі.
5) Завдання кожної людини – берегти природу.
6) Я дуже хочу поговорити з вами.
7) Вона була щаслива, що отримала нову роботу.
8) Він першим запропонував їй допомогу.
9) Я останньою дізналася про його приїзд.
10) Він достатньо досвідчений, щоб виконати цю роботу вчасно.
| Unit 20 Agrarian Policy of Ukraine | |
| Vocabulary in Use Ukraine’s Agricultural Policy Types of Agricultural Enterprises in Ukraine Cooperation in Agriculture Language Focus Infinitive Consructions |
Vocabulary In Use
1. Find the Ukrainian equivalents in the right-hand column for the following:
| 1) land share 2) joint stock company 3) household plot 4) land estate 5) rented land 6) agricultural commodities 7) ownership 8) value-added tax (VAT) | a) орендована земля b) земельний пай c) податок на додану вартість d) право власності e) сільськогосподарська продукція f) акціонерне товариство g) присадибна ділянка h) земельна власність, нерухомість |
Match the words to their definitions.
| 1) tax 2) enterprise 3) income 4) partnership 5) subsidy | a) a business organization b) an association of two or more partners in a business enterprise c) a grant or gift of money d) a required payment on goods, property that goes to the government e) the amount of money received by a person, group or company during a certain period of time |
3. Make up phrases and give their Ukrainian equivalents:
| rural market foreign collective state concessional | price regulation taxes trade area farm |
Match the words with similar meanings.
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