Exercise 1.1. Proper names

Give the Russian equivalents of the following proper names and explain the underlying principles of translation.

English, Celts, Romans, Saxons, Jutes, Angles, Vikings, Normans; Latin, Kentish, Cumbrian, Devonian;

England, Germany, Scotland, Wales, Cornwall; Slesvig, Lincolnshire;

Chaucer, (King) Alfred, (King) William, (King) Henry, (King) Edward, (King) Charles.

1.2. Word order: conjunction "nor"

Союз nor служит для связи независимых, равноправных единиц внутри простого предложения, для связи равноправных предикативных единиц в составе сложносочиненного предложения, а также для связи самостоятельных предложений в тексте.

В сложносочиненном предложении первая предикативная единица должна содержать отрицание, и союз nor соответствует в русском языке сочетаниям «(да) и не», «также/тоже не»: I know nothing about the incident, nor do I care – я ничего не знаю об этом случае, да меня это и не интересует; he cannot do it, nor can I – он не может сделать этого, и я тоже не могу/и я тоже нет.

Во второй предикативной единице сложносочиненного предложения и в самостоятельном предложении, которые вводятся союзом nor, имеет место инверсия подлежащего и вспомогательного глагола. При их переводе глагол-сказуемое в русском предложении иногда занимает начальную позицию:...his clothes were not of the latest pattern. Nor did they fit particularly well –...его одежда не была сшита по последней моде. И сидела она не особенно хорошо.

Как коррелят not или no, союз nor вводит однородные члены предложения и соответствует в переводе союзу «ни»: he had no time, nor wish to help them – у него не было ни времени, ни желания им помогать.

Примеры (из опубликованных переводов художественных произведений):

(1) Consequently, he (Nikolai Rostov) did not like Zdrzhinski's story, nor did he like the man himself... (Dunn.)

И потому ему не нравился рассказ Здржинского, не нравился и сам Здржинский... (Тол.)

(2) The position of their houses was of vital importance to the Forsytes, nor was this remarkable, since the whole spirit of their success was embodied therein. (Gals.)

Местоположение домов было для Форсайтов вопросом громадной важности, и в этом не было ничего удивительного, ибо дом олицетворял собой самую сущность их жизненных успехов. (Лорие)

(3) The greatest opera-goer of his day! There was no opera now! That fellow Wagner had ruined everything; no melody left, nor any voices to sing it. (Gals.)

Когда-то он был завзятым театралом! Нет теперь оперы! Этот Вагнер погубил все – ни мелодии, ни голосов. (Лорие)

При использовании приема антонимического перевода имеет место замена отрицательного предложения утвердительным:

(4) "Well, he takes good care of himself. I can't afford to take the care of myself that he does."

Nor was it easy to say which, admiration, envy, or contempt was dominant in that remark. (Gals.)

"Да, он себя бережет. Я вот не имею возможности так беречься".

И трудно сказать, чего было больше в этих словах – восхищения, зависти или презрения. (Лорие)

Exercise 1.2. Word order: conjunction "nor"

Translate into Russian noting the difference in the position of the subject and predicate in the sentences/clauses introduced in the original by nor.

1....in Chaucer's time a Kentish man would have sounded almost unintelligible to a Cumbrian, and each would have failed to understand a Devonian. Nor was this Babel based solely on differences in pronunciation... (Peel)

...for a long time we did not see any lights, nor did we see the shore but rowed steadily in the dark riding with the waves. (Hemingway)

2. Farther on I got an excellent picture of a tree kangaroo. It did not rest on its long tail like the more numerous kangaroos that live on the ground but used the tail for balancing among the branches. Nor did it look much like its cousins. (Barton)

3. This secret, shared only with herself, is a secret no longer; nor is her despair in her father's rectory....she believed she would not, even once again, pass through the white gates of Carriglas, nor sit beneath the strawberry trees. She believed she would not enter the drawing-room, nor see the island's fuchsia hedges in bloom, nor open the door of the ice-house, nor watch the waves breaking on the rocks at Elador's Bay. (Trevor)

4. In spite of himself, the Captain could not regain his neutrality of feeling towards his orderly. Nor could he leave the man alone. In spite of himself, he watched him, gave him sharp orders, tried to take up as much of his time as possible. (Joyce)

5. In the early years he wrote the "Shepherd's Calendar", and nine comedies on Italian models. The comedies have not survived, nor can we regret the fact. Certainly Spenser's talents did not point that way. (Primer)

6. Why do boys take "Robinson Crusoe" so warmly to their hearts? Because he gives exactly those matters which the boy is so curious about – i.e. how many biscuits he ate, how he built the raft, what the parrot talked about. Nor are the details overdone. Defoe could make an inventory as appetizing as Scott could an adventure. (Primer)

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