| Characteristics
| Participle I
| Gerund
|
| Grammatical categories of voice and correlation (coincide)
| NPA - taking
NPP - being taken
PA - having taken
PP - having been taken
| NPA - taking
NPP - being taken
PA - having taken
PP - having been taken
|
| The function of the subject
| -----
| Seeing is believing.
Talking mends no holes.
|
| Part of a simple verbal predicate
| The managers are still discussing this problem.
| -----
|
| The function of the predicative
| The story is amusing.
She remained standing.
| Peter’s hobby is fishing.
Their aim was winning at all costs.
|
| Part of a compound verbal aspect predicate
| ------
| As the teacher came into the classroom everybody stopped talking.
|
| The function of the object
| ------
| I appreciate your helping me.
Stella enjoys dancing.
|
| The function of the attribute
| Let sleeping dogs lie. (What kind of dogs?)
| Gerund is always preceded by a preposition
There was a danger (what kind of danger?) of catching a cold.
|
| Use of prepositions before the verbal
|
-----
| On coming home, Diana called Steve at once.
He apologized for letting me down.
|
| Use of prepositions after the verbal
| Looking shrewdly at her son, Mrs. Powers smiled condescendingly.
| Mrs. Powers went on smiling at her son condescendingly
|
| Use of conjunctions
| When reading Stuart always uses glasses.
| For Sandra it was worse knowing the truth than being in the dark.
|
| Modified by a noun in the possessive case or a pronoun
| -----
| Do you mind my closing the window?
Are there any objections to Peter’s seeing her?
|
| Modified by an adverb
| Reading hurriedly John didn’t notice several facts.
| John enjoys reading slowly and thoroughly.
|
| Followed by an object
| Reading(what?) books on his speciality, he always makes notes.
| His hobby is reading (what?) books on his speciality.
|
| Part of Complex Object
| Jeff saw the girl skating in the rink.
| -----
|
| Part of Complex Subject
| She was heard playing the piano.
| -----
|
| Parenthesis
| · Strictly speaking…;
· Taking everything into consideration…
· Judging from what you say…
| -----
|
| Followed by an object
| Reading (what?) a new set book, Simon always makes notes to refer to later.
| The teacher was surprised that Simon’s hobby was reading (what?) books on science.
|
