|
Читайте также: |
Attribute
In this function we find both participle I indefinite (active or passive) and participle II.
Participle I as an attribute can modify nouns and some pronouns:
Those working have no time for that.
It can be used both in pre-position (when it precedes the noun) or in post-position (when it follows it). In pre-position, participle I is usually used singly:
She could not stand the blinding lights.
Participle I with accompanying words is widely used in post-position instead of an attributive clause:
People coming to see her could not believe their eyes. (= People who came...)
John, fishing next to Mike, caught a big fish. (= John, who was fishing...)
Participle II as an attribute can also be used in pre-position and post-position. In pre-position participle II can be used singly or in a phrase. Participle II in post-position can be used singly or in a phrase. A participial phrase in post-position can also be detached: His comedies, loved by many people all over the world, have been translated into many languages.
Adverbial Modifier
Participle II in this function is always preceded by a conjunction.
1. Adverbial modifier of time. When there is no change of subject, we can use the participle instead of an adverbial clause of time: Coming into the room, she saw that somebody had broken the window. (= when she came... she saw...)
Participle I perfect is sometimes used in this function in written English when it is necessary to emphasize that the action expressed by the participle precedes the action expressed by the finite verb: Having finished his breakfast, he rushed out of the room.
On the whole, participle I indefinite is preferred when two actions take place at the same time: Walking past the shop, he noticed his reflection in the shop window, and also when one action follows the other: Leaping out of bed, he dressed very quickly.
Participle I as an adverbial modifier of time can be preceded by the conjunctions when and while.
Participle II as an adverbial modifier of time is introduced by the conjunctions when, while, and once:
2. Adverbial modifier of cause.
Both participle I (indefinite and passive) and participle II can be used in this function.
He changed his mind, realizing that the whole thing was useless.
Sentences with participle I as an adverbial modifier of cause belong to formal style: Being ill, he could not go to work. (= As he was ill....)
3. Adverbial modifier of comparison.
Both participle I indefinite and participle II are introduced by the conjunctions as if, as though.
4. Adverbial modifier of manner / attendant circumstances.
Participle I can have both functions, which sometimes combine.
She was busy cooking in the kitchen. (manner).
The girl was sitting in the corner weeping bitterly. (attendant circumstances)
Participle II denoting manner is introduced by as: Fill in the application form as instructed.
5. Adverbial modifier of condition.
Participle II is used here after the conjunction if:
The thing is very fragile. If dropped, it can break into very small pieces.
Participle I is used in this function only as part of an absolute participial construction.
6. Adverbial modifier of concession.
Participle II and participle I as adverbial modifiers of concession are introduced by the conjunctions while, whilst, though.
Predicative
Both participle I (infinitive) and participle II can be used as predicatives:
The idea itself was disturbing.
She was disappointed.
Parenthesis
Both participle I and participle II are used in parenthetical expressions: frankly / generally speaking, judging by appearances, stated/put bluntly.
Dangling/Misrelated Participle
As has been said, we often use participles instead of finite clauses when the subject does not change. The normal attachment rule for both participle I and participle II is that their subject is assumed to be identical in reference to the subject of the finite verb. Getting into the train, she remembered that she had forgotten the ticket. (= When she was getting... she....) Sometimes, however, ambiguous sentences may be found: * Waiting on the platform, a policeman arrested him. In this case it is not clear who was waiting on the platform, he or the policeman. This participle is called "misrelated" or "dangling" and should be avoided.
Дата добавления: 2015-07-10; просмотров: 139 | Нарушение авторских прав