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a) a regularly repeated action:
I normally go to bed around midnight.
b) an action characterizing a person, their skills, habits and abilities (with adverbial modifiers of frequency often, always, usually):
John smokes a lot. You speak very good English.
c) universal truths
Water freezes at 0 degrees Centigrade.
NB The sequence of tenses is not observed with this use:
The science teacher explained that water freezes at 0 degrees Centigrade.
II Actions going on at the moment of speaking (“momentary present”)
a) with verbs not normally found in the Continuous form:
I see what you mean.
b) with performative verbs – describing what the speaker is doing by uttering the sentence:
I declare the meeting open. I apologize.
c) if an action is not viewed in its progress; when the occurrence itself is named
How time flies!
Why do you talk back?
d) in particular types of discourse:
(1) in demonstrations:
I take a large apple. Now I peel it. Now I slice it with a sharp knife [NB The Present Continuous is also possible]
(2) in running commentaries:
The crowd moves closer to the building. Brown passes to Jones.
(3) in stage directions:
Sir Henry picks up his umbrella and leaves.
(4) In comic and cartoon strips:
The Wolf sings a song in a small voice [Present Cont. Possible]
(e) In set expressions:
Here he comes. There she goes. There goes the last bus. Here comes Mary.
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