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1. When a participial phrase begins a sentence, a comma should be placed after the phrase, e.g.
· Arriving at the store, I found that it was closed.
· Washing and polishing the car, Frank developed sore muscles.
2. If the participle or participial phrase comes in the middle of a sentence, it should be set off with commas only if the information is not essential to the meaning of the sentence, e.g.
· Mrs. Siddon, watching an old movie, drifted in and out of sleep.
· The church, destroyed by a fire in 1889, was never rebuilt.
3. If the participial phrase is essential to the meaning of the sentence, no commas should be used, e.g.
· The student earning the highest grade point average will receive a special award.
· The guy wearing the chicken costume is my cousin.
4. If a participial phrase comes at the end of a sentence, a comma usually precedes the phrase if it modifies an earlier word in the sentence but not if the phrase directly follows the word it modifies, e.g.
· The local residents often saw Ken wandering through the streets. (The phrase modifies Ken, not residents.)
· Tom nervously watched the woman, alarmed by her silence. (The phrase modifies Tom, not woman.)
TASK 1. Decide if the statements given below are true or false.
1. Participle I combines nominal, adjectival and verbal characteristics.
2. Participle I have no category of mood.
3. Participle I and gerund coincide both in forms and in functions.
4. Participle I can be used as part of a simple verbal predicate.
5. The form of the Participle used in the sentence ‘Being educated in Oxford, Brian had advantages over other candidates.’ is perfect active.
6. Unlike the gerund, the participle can be modified by an adverb.
7. The form of the participle used in the sentence ‘Having been given the money, the boy rushed to buy sweets.’ is perfect passive.
8. Like the gerund, the participle I can be preceded and followed by prepositions.
9. Like the gerund, the participle I can be used in the function of the subject.
10. The form of the participle used in the sentence ‘Paul remembered posting the letter.’ is non-perfect active.
TASK 2. Define the form of the participle I in the sentences below. Use the following abbreviations:
NPA –non-perfect active
NPP – non-perfect passive
PA – perfect active
PP – perfect passive
1. Taking his place, Den looked at his watch and frowned.
2. Having eaten their cold breakfast, the Kellogans busied themselves with their errands.
3. Jane, having slammed the door of her bedroom, stood waiting for Tom to knock on it.
4. Patrick was not very good at gardening, having been brought up in the family of city dwellers.
5. Having accused Jill of lying, Peter got ashamed of himself.
6. Grandpa got worse; he even did not grumble but lay in his bed, being read to, very often indifferent to all that was happening around.
7. Having heard the verdict, Mary Stuart didn’t shed a single tear in the presence of her judges.
8. Two little boys carrying kites stopped in front of the ice-cream vendor.
9. Josh always speaks like a man having his own opinion of everything and everyone.
10. Poirot and I behaved in the customary fashion of people being shown over houses.
11. Having got what he wanted, Stuart took his hat and went away.
12. Being asked what he thought about the merger negotiations, the president of the company called the development positive.
13. Having been examined by the family doctor, the child was taken to hospital.
14. Having known Dorothy since school, I have never heard anyone speak about her without respect.
15. The boat was found in the middle of the river, having been carried away by the current.
16. Did you hear my name being mentioned during the meeting?
17. Not having seen Fed for a long time, we didn’t recognize him at first.
18. Being late, Lily looked at her watch oftener than usual as if she could stop it with her look.
19. Having been wound up, the alarm-clock started jumping on the table as if it were alive.
20. Being a quiet sort of person, I didn't want to get involved.
21. He is in hospital having treatment for a knee injury.
22. Having been given good advice, he followed it.
23. Being brought by the kids, the kitten was allowed to stay in the house.
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