Participle I Participle II

Seeing Petra, David smiled. That was the main question asked.

The crying baby had a wet diaper. Shaken, Josh walked away from the wrecked ship.

Participle I is a non-finite form of the verb with verbal + adjectival + adverbial features. Though participle I and gerund fully coincide in form, they differ in most functions.

Verbal features of Participle I

1. Participle I has the category of voice, e.g.

· The mother was taking her son to school when she was attacked by the kidnapper. (active voice)

· The boy was being taken to school, when he was kidnapped. (passive voice) = Когда мальчика везли в школу, его похитили. / Коли хлопчика везли в школу, його викрали

2. Participle I has the category of correlation, e.g.

· Writing essays, I use dictionaries a lot. (Non-Perfect) = Когда я пишу сочинения, я много пользуюсь словарями. / Коли я пишу твори, я багато користуюся словниками.

· Having written the essay, I began editing it. (Perfect) = Написав сочинение, я начал его править. / Написавши твір, я почав його правити.

3. Combinability: ParticipleIcan be followed by direct, indirect/ prepositional object, e.g.

· Reading books, he forgot about everything. (direct object)

· Looking at the boy, the nurse was whispering something. (prepositional object)

4. Participle I can be modified by an adverb, e.g.

· Having eatenhurriedly, John sat down to business.

Adjectival features of Participle I

Participle Ican function as an attribute, e.g.

· Everybody looked at the laughing man. (What kind of man?)

· I was woken up by the rain pattering on the roof. (What kind of rain?)

Adverbial features of Participle I

Participle Ican function as an adverbial modifier, e.g.

· Having parked his car, David looked at his watch. (adverbial modifier of time – When did David look at his watch?)

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