The policy’s impact can’t be easily measured.

17. The convict was imprisoned on a drug charge.

18. She was convicted for her part of the crime.

19. Several people were seriously injured.

20. Fortunately people escaped serious injury.

Упр.2. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова.

1. They inflicted sever damage on the opponents.

2. The building suffered extensive damage by fire in 1986.

3. She appeared in court on charge of kidnapping and assault.

4. A judge is to charge the accused with a specific crime

5. Heavy fines were levied on offenders.

6. The main issue in the present case is who will be fined.

7. The court issued a writ of habeas corpus.

8. He is serving a three-year sentence for theft.

9. The judge sentenced her to life imprisonment.

10. The robber was released on bail.

11. The film about this accident is on general release i e shown widely.

12. The criminal justice functions to protect the society against crime.

13. The police functions are manifold but the main function is to maintain public order.

14. The FBI distinguishes among “confidential sources” (non-criminal persons who provide information) and “informants” (persons with close contacts to criminals).

15. Usually FBI agents, who use an informant to identify a suspect can contact their informants confidentially.

16. A study of a patrol division found that more time was spent on administrative duties than on other things.

17. In cities the police patrol certain areas, on foot or in automobiles.

18. In interviews with a victim and witnesses the officer should obtain as much information as possible.

19. The officer who comes to the crime scene must interview all witnesses to find out what happened.

20. He witnessed the signing of her will.

21. American’s claims for justice rest on the provisions of the USA Constitution.

22. She claims she had to fight tooth and nail for her freedom.

Упр.3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание it /its и на конструкцию there+be.

1.Under the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 there is provision for statutory time limits on the period from arrest to the beginning of trial in England and Wales.

2. It is a basic principle of the British criminal system that accused people should not be remanded in custody except where strictly necessary.

3. Although there is a growing body of international law, the latter today is a complex of different national systems.

4. It is necessary to look at the history, political structure and social values of a particular country to understand its legal system.

5. When there is political and social upheaval, one of the main concerns of a new government is to revise a legal system.

6. Of course, there may be instances when the law is not enforced against someone.

7. The general nature of law is that it is enforced equally against all members of the nation.

8.Nevertheless there are many points of contact between criminal and civil law.

9. It i s also possible in England to bring a civil action against the police.

10. When we buy a train ticket a lawyer may tell us it represents a contract with legal obligations.

11. It is the law that everybody has always wanted.

12. It was not until the autumn of 2006 tha t new legislation was prepared.

Упр.4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание it /its и на конструкцию there+be.

1. It is not enough to make law, it is also necessary to make towork.

2. There is no evidence that American crime syndicates have infiltrated the market.

3. It is not anticipated that there will be any losses sustained by Lloyd’s arising from this fraud.

4. Over the past 10 years, there have been instances of major catastrophes.

5. It is the shareholders that will suffer all losses.

6. It was not until a special day when 1,600 people were released from a state or federal prison in the USA.

7. In Japan there is one lawyer for every 10,000 people.

8. Although the Supreme Court does not have the power to make laws, it has power to examine actions of the legislate power.

9. It is in this function that the Supreme Court has the potential to influence the life of the country.

10. It may take years to detect fraud, collect evidence and arrest the criminal.

11. When definitions are written, it becomes clear that common sense is not an easy matter.

12. It is obvious to most people that dangerous driving should be punished.

Упр.5. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, каким членом предложения (сказуемым или определением) являются выделенные слова.

1. Many laws made by British government operated throughout the whole country.

2. The sentence passed on the offender imposed a term of 6 months imprisonment.

3. The probation service provided day centres and hostels with schemes designed to

meet the needs of offenders.

4. The person charged continued to be held in custody.

5. A person detained consulted a solicitor.

6. The detection scheme provided for a person to be detained only if necessary for a purpose specified by law.

7. The review made of the person’s detention checked the criteria for the detention.

8. The outrage provoked by the killing a West African immigrant by plainclothes police marked a turning point in attitudes towards “zero tolerance” law enforcement.

9. Evidence of police bias obtained from different sources has existed for years.

10. The revised criminal code increased sentencing limits for crimes committed “by an organized group”.

Упр.6. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, каким членом предложения (сказуемым или определением) являются выделенные слова.

1. Capital punishment found in most states of the USA can be enforced for certain crimes.

2. In earlier times methods of execution inflicted were greatly varied, sometimes attended by cruel tortures.

3. Youth crime committed in a group context increased.

4. The high rates of imprisonment are partly related to the number of crimes committed in America.

5. Two-thirds of prisoners released are rearrested within three years.

6. Some rehabilitation projects aimed at drug treatment worked well.

7. Punishment required a fixed term.

8. Programmes offered by the corrections department provide d the vast majority of alternatives incarceration.

9. The proposals backed by a specified number of signatures are put on to the ballot.

10. The new legislation adopted in 1992 preserved the Procuracy as a single institution charged with supervising the implementation of laws.

Упр.7. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.

1. Prisons are a breeding-ground for terrible diseases, both medical (such as AIDS) and social (the Aryan Brotherhood).

2. A British police officer is subject to law and can be eithe r sued or prosecuted for any wrongful act.

3. If the prosecution proves neither mens no r actus, the court must decide the case is over.

4. The steps in the law-making process are similar in both chambers.

5. Any court may sit as a court of first instance.

Упр.8. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.

1. Napoleon Bonaparte is both a historical figure and a legend – and it is sometimes difficult to separate the two.

2. The Russian legal tradition, like Russian society generally, is neithe r Western European nor wholly Eastern.

3. Bill can be introduced in one chamber or in both simultaneously.

4. Barristers spend most of their time either in a courtroom or preparing their arguments for the court.

5. Disobeying any court may constitute criminal conduct.

Упр.9. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.

1. Judges in some cases make law, since their interpretation may become precedents for other courts to follow.

2. Since the early 1970s subcommittees have won greater independence, and chairmen have been chosen by secret ballot.

3. As in the West, early Russian law based on custom.

4. As we have noted, Hammurapi was not the first ruler of Mesopotamia to issue a collection of laws.

5. Thus, until the legal reforms of 1864, there was a fundamental ambivalence concerning Russian law.

6. The reaction proceeded until all the heat was released.

7. Once a court decides there has been a breach of contract, it must then judge how the party in breach must compensate the other party.

8. But there are signs that America’s 20-yaer-old compact over law and order is under stress.

9. At the beginning of the 1990s violent crime and crime against property began to drop once again.

10. He does nothing but complain about mistreatment by the police.

11. Most countries have special rules for young offenders.

12. Interpol does not have powers to arrest or any investigative rights, for its main function has always been to disseminate information.

13. The act dealt with the proximate succession to the throne provided the heirs were Protestants.

14. The document provided for protection against unjust punishment.

15. Every person charged with an offence is summoned to appear before a local magistrates’ court.

16. Before the Vikings began raiding the eastern shores of Britain, there had been the Anglo- Saxons.

17. This is to remind you that the above invoice is still unpaid.

18. Still, this is only one aspect of the problem.

19. Yet there are instances when laws are illegal themselves.

20. The crime has not been solved yet.

Упр.10. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.

1. Justice in the Russian Federation is treated as a special type of independent state activity

2. Barristers are not paid directly by clients, but employed by solicitors.

3. The witness swears to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth.

4. No article should be moved or touched until it has been photographed and examined for fingerprints.

5. Historians suggest that the first modern prison in the United States did not come into existence until 1833 in the city of New York.

6. Rules and laws have been part of human life since our ancestors first began to live in large and settled groups.

7. Since the law presumes the innocence of an accused person, the prosecution is not granted any advantage over the defence.

8. Because of Interpol’s cooperation with the UN particularly in the area of drugs, Interpol was recognized as an international organization.

9. Because they are born thieves, it does not mean they are born criminals.

10. Lack of evidence is yet another cause of trouble.

11. Yet, fingerprints can be easily destroyed by the first careless act.

12. For the most serious offences young adults may be sentenced to custody fo r life.

13. He has always wanted to get a job in the police, for his father was also a policeman.

14. So, the sheriff peremptorily removed the child from the custody of his parents.

15. As a society’s values change, so can laws.

16. So you can see that there must be laws, however good we may be.

17. Questions relating to an offence may not normally be put to a person after he or she has been charged with that offence.

18. After due consideration of the background of the offence, the judge placed the defendant

on probation.

19. No criminal charge is considered in a court in the absence of the defendant, except for the cases provided for by federal law.

20. About 594 B. C. Solon, the famous Athenian lawgiver, provided a new code of law.

Упр.11. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова that (those) и one.

1.The US Constitution consolidated those gains of the revolution that were advantageous for the capitalist class.

2. Each state has each own system of courts similar to that of the Federal courts.

3. The courts have ruled that exceptions to the need for an arrest are justified by the circumstances.

4. The help which the expert can give is limited in order that no one in particular is suspected.

5. It is necessary that the crime investigator make a thorough search of all surfaces in and around the scene of a crime.

6. When no one really knows what the people want, it is impossible for the national government to be responsive to public opinion.

7.Blacks presently constitute the largest racial minority in American politics but the only significant one.

8. One cannot help mentioning the fact that it is in the home and in the school that criminals are made.

9. One should note that there are normative criteria for judging the success or failure of an investigation.

10. That is a classic problem of detection, the problem of discovering reliable information that will lead to the identification and arrest of a criminal.

Упр.12. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.

1. One must put himself in the place of the criminal.

2. In the United States the homicide rate is three to ten times that of most Western countries, and although no one is proud of that record, its government would never consider beheading or dismembering as a means of lowing the crime rate.

3. It is necessary that, in all legal systems, the law require that investigation bodies should not use any drugs.

4. One cannot help mentioning the fact that the law is not something that can be changed at will.

5. That was only one aspect of the problem, yet there were instances when an arrest was made without an arrest warrant.

6. It is the concept of equality that clashes most directly with the concept of freedom.

7. The most basic exception is that police action is needed to prevent the commission of a criminal act.

8. People are apt to measure new candidates and new ideas against the old ones they remember.

9. One problem resulting from the existence of two systems of justice was that a person often had to begin actions in different courts in order that he could get a satisfactory solution.

10. One must not ignore the possibility that the weapons of science can be turned against itself by forging fingerprints.

Упр.13. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции глаголов be do have would.

1. Each phase is of equal importance if such evidence is to be accepted by the courts.

2. A policeman who arrived and tried to stop the fight had his jaw broken.

3. This criminal had a history of attacking children.

4. The tort of conversion in English law covers taking, destroying or selling someone else’s goods, as does the crime of theft.

5. Thus, it was the state that was to make law, not the courts.

6. His aim has been to eliminate the confusion of centuries of inconsistent lawmaking by formulating a comprehensive code.

7. The law, however, has to regulate relations between people who neither know nor trust each other or who are in unfamiliar situations.

8. Even so, some transaction in modern society are so complex that few of us would risk making them without first seeking legal advice.

9. Only when we are injured in a train accident, do we start thinking about legal implications of everyday activities.

10. The accused claimed that he had never shot at anyone in his life, that he did not even like guns but he did know how to use one.

Упр.14. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.

1. When mothers did use the formula, they often mixed it with polluted water.

2. Interpol has adapted its structures and working methods to the new situation.

3. The suspect has a right to speak to an independent solicitor free of charge and to have a relative or other named person told of his or her arrest.

4. In urban areas, particularly, police have to deal with social problems.

5. Solicitors do much of the initial preparation for cases which they have to hand to barristers then.

6. What motives do governments have in making and enforcing laws?

7. Anarchists argue that human beings would be able to interact peacefully without laws if there were no governments to interfere in our lives.

8. Justice is a concept that most people feel is very important but few of us would be able to define.

9. Freedom has to be restricted if it is to survive.

10. It was clear that for the United States to survive there would have to be changes in the Articles of Confederation.

Упр.15. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод артиклей, Обратите внимании, что в некоторых случаях наличие или отсутствие артикля полностью меняет значение слов.

1. Fingerprints often are the only means of identifying victims of various crimes.

2. The document known as the Constitution of the United States, though a basic document, is only a part of the body of rules and customs which form the whole of the American Constitution.

3. The very absence of the witness at the trial was eloquent.

4. When it comes to money, mos t people are basically the same.

5. The most common misconception that a crime is soluble.

Упр.16. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.

1. Starting as a number of economic agreements between six nations in the 1950s, Community Law has now direct authority in the social and economic affairs of twelve countries.

2. In actual practice a great number of arrests are made by the police without an arrest warrant.

3. The number of representatives from each state to the House depends on the number of people in each particular case.

4. The actions of the policemen were the very opposite to what the public expected.

5. A very large majority recognized the need for the effective punishment.

Упр.17. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на форму и функции модальных глаголов.

1. The witness testimony could have discovered the identity of the criminal.

2. Tracing the fugitive must have been included in the plan if the investigation.

3. The police officers should have gone to the crime scene once again.

4. The public needs to be protected from a dangerous offender.

5. If the criteria for detention are not satisfied, the person must be released immediately.

6. The prosecution should also inform the defence of witnesses whose evidence may help the accused.

7. The defendant cannot be tried again for the same crime.

8. In England and Wales (and exceptionally in Scotland) a private person may institute criminal proceedings.

9. The identity of the criminal may have been discovered by eyewitnesses testimony.

10. The Court of Appeal has stated that sentences in England and Wales s hould examine each case in which custody is necessary.

11. The buyer shall make payment for the goods at the time when and at the place where the goods are received by him.

Упр.18. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на форму и функции модальных глаголов.

1. He cannot have confessed.

2. A person can only be detained beyond 36 hours if a warrant is obtained from a magistrates’ court.

3. The criminal must have been identified as the perpetrator of the criminal acts.

4. The criminal’s confession may not have been sufficient to prove his guilt.

5. The police may arrest a person without a warrant under the arrest scheme.

6. Once the police have brought a criminal charge, the papers are passed to the Crown Prosecution Service which decides whether the case should be accepted for prosecution in courts or whether the proceedings should be discontinued.

7. The investigator should not have interviewed those witnesses in their office.

8. The cases of national importance (terrorist offences, breaches of the official Secret Acts, etc) might be passed to the headquarters of the Crown Prosecution Service.

9. If remanded in custody, the person may be visited by a legal adviser to ensure properly prepared evidence.

10. The founding fathers knew that the Constitution might have to be changed.

11. Goods shall be deemed received by the buyer when received by him at.

12. You shall regret if you break the law!

Упр.19. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод сказуемых в страдательном залоге.

1. If the arrest is made as a result of observing a law violation, an investigation is conducted to determine whether or not a crime was committed.

2. The Drugs Sub-Division is currently staffed by 26 officers and analysts from 18 different countries around the world.

3. Murder is usually reported and 86 per cent of all reported murders lead to arrests.

4. Of persons prosecuted for murder 19 per cent are convicted of a lesser crime and 38 per cent are acquitted or dismissed.

5. A physical evidence is something that can be presented in court as physical object.

6. The value of physical evidence is based on the law of probabilities.

7. As evidence is found, it should be marked, carefully packaged, each article separately, and placed in some locality where it will not be destroyed until it is transported to a laboratory.

8. Although the draft code has not been enacted, several of its provisions were introduced via amendment to the existing criminal code.

9. Justice in the Russian Federation is administered by a hierarchy of courts unified within a single judicial system.

10. 1,500 prisoners are currently being monitored under The Home Detection Curfew Scheme.

Упр.20. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.

1. A crime is understood as a social dangerous act directed a against social and state system, the system of economy, property and other rights of citizens or any other act infringing law and order which is defined in criminal legislation as dangerous to society.

2. New methods of detection based on the use of radar and the seismic detection of heartbeats are currently being examined.

3. One in every five cigarettes smoked in Great Britain has been smuggled.

4. In fact anyone bringing in more than 800 cigarettes can be asked to prove that tobacco is not being imported for commercial purposes.

5. Evidence had been gathered secretly by undercover officers risking their lives.

6. In a good year, up to 500 million dollars will be recovered through anti-money laundering measures.

7. The idea that a prisoner has rights that may be protected by actions in courts has been developed in Europe and the United States.

8. Government can be defined as the legitimate use of force –including imprisonment and execution- within territorial boundaries to control human behavior.

9. The results are analyzed and the analysis is followed by a comparison of the data obtained with those available in literature.

10. Attempts have been made to codify Chinese law comprehensively, but so far there has been little success.

Упр.21. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.

1. To elect and to be elected is the right of every citizen.

2. The criminal case to be tried by our district court next week is much spoken of in our city.

3. The defendant was satisfied to be discharged.

4. The judge is qualified to decide law questions.

5. The report to be written by the investigator must include all the facts collected during the investigation.

6. At the university at the law department we are also taught to find evidence.

7. The prosecution was satisfied to have informed the defence about having important evidence.

8. To reduce the risk of convicting an innocent person, there are checks and reviews at all stages of the criminal justice system.

9. The purpose of preliminary hearing in the lower court is to determine whether there is a reasonable cause to believe that a felony was committed.

10. The witness was glad to help the accused.

Упр.22. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.

1. To detect a criminal is one of the most difficult tasks of an investigation and very often not an easy one.

2. Capital punishment used to b e a major deterrent.

3. To make a facsimile of a fingerprint for some purpose would not be very difficult.

4. The government’s strategy for dealing with crime is to sustain the rule of by preventing crime where possible.

5. The Dutch prefer to fine law-breakers rather than clap them in jail.

6. To simplify the system of holding and transferring land in 1925 several laws were passed in England.

7. Justice in this country to be administered equally by judges often depends on the sum of money a person has.

8. He had no intention to commit a criminal act.

9. He spoke of the problem to be settled in the nearest future.

10. He is happy to have survived in the car accident.

Упр.23. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты (Complex Subject/ Complex Object/ For+Noun+the Infinitive)

1. In some societies the family is thought to be so important that there is very little intervention in family life.

2. The British Constitution is considered to be unwritten because it is not codified as a whole in any particular document.

3. The people watched the policeman protect the crime scene.

4. The police officer planned the search of the crime scene to be conducted very thoroughly.

5. The professors expect the graduates of the Law Faculty to learn how use the knowledge they have acquired through personal experience.

6. Many countries can be said to have belonged to the Roman tradition long before codifying their laws.

7. The investigation officer supposed the discovered evidence to be linked with the suspect.

8. The evidence proved to have helped the investigator in solving the crime.

9. The plaintiff is likely to ask the court to force the other contractor to carry out the contract.

10. The matter examined in the court was too difficult for the jury to reach their verdict unanimously.

Упр.24. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.

1. Extreme egoism and individualism are considered to be the objective and subjective basic tendencies of criminal behavior.

2. Vice crimes are often thought essentially to be “victimless” crimes.

3. On the day the robbery is supposed to have been committed he swears he was in his office all day.

4. Most of historians regard the US Constitution to be a conservative document.

5. The police officer happened to be present at the crime scene at the moment when the offence was being committed.

6. The juvenile court wants this child to have a guardian.

7. A local authority prefers the child to remain at home under supervision or place him or her with foster parents or in a community home.

8. The matter was too difficult for the solicitor to clarify it within a day.

9. The young man is known to have spent three months in custody.

Дата добавления: 2015-09-07