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convenience | angle | simultaneous | |
equal | oppose | overcome | decrease |
nature | view | flight path |
a) An ____________ is space between two lines or surfaces that meet.
b) Our new house has all modern ____________.
c) The ____________ of the mountains from our room is wonderful.
d) The pilot has ____________ the speed of the aircraft by 70 km/h.
e) Two and two ____________ four.
f) A ____________ is the direction or course of an aircraft through the air.
g) Chemists study the ____________ of gases.
h) Lift ____________ weight.
i) We’ll ____________ that difficulty when we get to it.
j) The explosion was timed to be ____________. With the plane’s take-off.
WORD LIST
acceleration [Ek6selE7reiSEn] | ускорение | прискорення |
aft part [7A:ft7pA:t] | хвостовая часть ВС, задняя часть (фюзеляжа) | хвостова частица ПС, задня частина (фюзе-ляжу) |
airflow [7BEflou] | воздушный поток | повітряний потік |
airfoil [7BEfOil] | аэродинамический профиль | аеродинамічний профіль |
angle of attack [7XnglEvE7tXk] | угол атаки | кут атаки |
angle of incidence [7XnglEv 7insidEns] | угол установки крыла | кут установки крила |
artificially created [6A:ti7fiSEli kri:7eitid] | искусственно созданный | штучно створений |
backward [7bXkwEd] | обратно, в обратном направлении | назад, в зворотньому напрямку |
chord [kO:d] | хорда (аэродинами-ческого профиля) | хорда (аеродинамі- чного профілю) |
convenience [kEn7vi:njEns] | удобство | зручність |
cross-sectional view | вид в поперечном разрезе | вид у поперечному розтині |
deceleration [di:6selE7reiSEn] | торможение, замедление | гальмування, уповіль-нення |
decrease [di:7kri:s] | уменьшать(ся) | зменшувати(ся) |
downward [7daunwEd] | вниз, к низу | вниз, до низу |
drag [drXg] | (лобовое) сопротивле-ние, отрицательная тяга; торможение | (лобовий) onіp, негатив-на тяга; гальмування |
earth [E:Q] | земля, земной шар | земля, земна куля |
equal [7i:kwEl] | равняться, быть равным | дорівнювати, бути рівним |
equality [i:7kwO1iti] | равенство | рівність |
extremity [iks7tremiti] | конец, край | кінець, край |
flight path [7flait7pA:Q] | траектория полета | траєкторія польоту |
gravity [7grXviti] | сила тяжести, притя-жение, гравитация | сила тяжіння, тяжіння, гравітація |
horizontal tail surfaces [6hOri7zOntl7teil 7sE:fisiz] | горизонтальные поверх-ности хвостового оперения | горизонтальні поверхні хвостового оперіння |
imaginary [i7mXd3inEri] | воображаемый | уявний |
increase [in7kri:s] | увеличиваться | збільшуватись |
inequality [6ini:7kwO1iti] | неравенство, разница | нерівність, різниця |
inherent [in7hiErEnt] | присущий, неотъем-лемый, свойственный | властивий, невід’ємний, притаманний |
join [d3Oin] | присоединять(ся), соединять(ся) | приєднувати(ся), з’єднувати(ся) |
longitudinal [6lOnd3i7tju:dinl] | продольный | повздовжній |
motion [7mouSEn] | движение | рух |
nature [7neitSE] | природа | природа |
oppose [E7pouz] | противопоставлять | протиставляти |
overcome [6ouvE7kVm] | преодолеть | подолати |
relative wind [7relEtiv7wind] | относительный воздушный поток | відносний повітряний потік |
with respect to [6wi9ris7pekt6tu] | что касается | що стосується |
result (in) [ri7zVlt] | иметь результатом | мати результатом |
retarding force [ri7tA:diN7fO:s] | тормозящая сила | гальмівна сила |
rounded [7raundid] | закругленный | заокруглений |
simultaneously [6simEl7teinjEsli] | одновременно | одночасно |
straight-and-level flight | прямолинейный горизонтальный полет | прямолінійний горизонтальний політ |
tapered [7teipEd] | суженный к концу, заостренный | звужений у кінці, загострений |
thrust [QrVst] | тяга, осевая нагрузка | тяга, осьове наван-таження |
unaccelerated flight [6VnEk7selereitid] | установившийся (по скорости) полет | усталений (за швид-кістю) політ |
upward [7VpwEd] | направленный вверх | спрямований угору |
velocity [vi7lOsiti] | скорость | швидкість |
vertical tail surfaces [7vE:tikE17teil 7sE:fisiz | вертикальные поверх-ности хвостового опе-рения | вертикальні поверхні хвостового оперіння |
weight [weit] | нагрузка | навантаження |
wind resistance [7windri7zistEns] | сопротивление ветра | опір вітру |
U N I T 28
Learning points: Reading comprehension: Function of the Controls
Review points: Word building (1)
1. Read the text.
FUNCTION OF THE CONTROLS
An aeroplane may turn about three axes. Whenever the attitude of the aeroplane changes in flight, it will rotate about one or more of these axes. The three axes intersect at the centre of gravity and each one is perpendicular to the others.
The imaginary line that extends lengthwise through the fuselage, from nose to tail, is the longitudinal axis. Motion about the longitudinal axis is roll and is produced by movement of the ailerons located at the trailing edges of the wings.
The imaginary line which extends crosswise, wing tip to wing tip is the lateral axis. Motion about the lateral axis is pitch and is produced by movement of the elevators at the rear of the horizontal tail assembly.
The imaginary line which passes vertically through the centre of gravity is the vertical axis. Motion about the vertical axis is yaw and is produced by the movement of the rudder located at the rear of the vertical tail assembly.
The two ailerons, one at the outer trailing edge of each wing, are movable surfaces that control movement about the longitudinal axis. Lowering the aileron on one wing raises the aileron on the other. The wing with the lowered aileron goes up because of its increased lift, and the wing with the raised aileron goes down because of its decreased lift.
Rods or cables connect the ailerons to each other and to the control wheel (or stick) in the cockpit. When pressure is applied to the right on the control wheel, the left aileron goes down and the right aileron goes up, rolling the airplane to the right. This happens because the down movement of the left aileron increases the wing camber (curvature) and thus increases the angle of attack. The right aileron moves upward and decreases the camber, resulting in a decreased angle of attack. Thus, decreased lift on the right wing and increased lift on the left wing cause a roll and bank to the right.
The elevators control the movement of the aeroplane about its lateral axis. They are hinged to a fixed surface - the horizontal stabilizer. Together, the horizontal stabilizer and the elevator form a single airfoil. A change in position of the elevators modifies the camber of the airfoil, which increases or decreases lift.
Like the ailerons, the elevators are connected to the control wheel (or stick) by control cables. The elevators control the angle of attack of the wings. When back pressure is applied on the control wheel, the tail lowers and the nose raises, increasing the angle of attack. Conversely, when forward pressure is applied, the tail raises and the nose lowers, decreasing the angle of attack.
The rudder controls movement of the aeroplane about its vertical axis. Like the other primary control surfaces, the rudder is a movable surface hinged to a fixed surface which in this case, is the vertical stabilizer, or fin. Its action is very much like that of the elevators, except that it swings in a different plane.
A trim tab is a small, adjustable hinged surface on the trailing edge of the aileron, rudder, or elevator control surfaces. Trim tabs are labour-saving devices that enable the pilot to release manual pressure on the primary controls.
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