Make up sentences from the following words. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Development, the rapid, required, a great, of, production, number, of, technicians, agronomists, engineers.

2. Engineering, Mechanical, Chemical, the moment, the KPI, 4 departments, and, Agricultural, founded, had, was, it.

3. Anniversary, in, 1998, September, of, celebrates, Polytechnic, the Kiev, Institute, its 100^th.

Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple Tense.

1. KPI (to be) one of the most famous research centers of Ukraine.

2. Now the KPI (to have) 28,000 students at 25 faculties.

3. Prominent scientist and teachers (to bring) glory to the KPI.

4. Now 5 academicians (to work) at the KPI.

5. The international ties of the KPI departments (to extend) to all continents.

5. Answer the following questions:

1. When was the Kiev Polytechnic Institute founded?

2. Why was the Kiev Polytechnic Institute organized?

3. When did the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute obtain the status of a NTUU?

4. How many faculties were there in the KPI at the time of its foundation?

5. What leading lights of science worked in the KPI?

6. What renowned scientists studied in the KPI?

7. How many specialists has KPI trained?

UNIT 2

Section 1

1. Read and translate the following text:

ORIGIN OF SCIENCE

Science had its origin in some distant era when people began to show desire to know about their environment and to record what they saw. In time, studies of these observations led to the idea that nature is knowable, that it operates according to "laws". The actual birth of science took place in prehistoric times, probably in Egypt and Babylonia, more than 2,000 years before our era.

But true progress in science did not begin until about the sixth century before our era, when the Greek civilization began to flourish. The next 500 years was the age of the great philosophers of antiquity — Thales, Pythagoras, Aristotle, Archimedes, and others.

Archimedes discovered some of the basic laws governing mechanisms. To Archimedes we owe the first application of mathematics to the description of nature. He was very far in advance of his time.

In the period from the Greeks to the Renaissance few contributions were made to the development of science. First in importance among the scientific achievements of the Renaissance was the idea that the sun, rather than the earth, is the centre of our system of sun, moon, and planets. At the beginning of the sixteenth century the prevailing idea was that of an earth-centred universe, as described by Ptolemy.

The Polish astronomer N. Copernicus assumed that the earth is merely one of the planets and that all of them moved about the sun. It is hard now to understand the courage required to advance an idea of this nature because of the great wave of opposition which confronted Copernicus.

But only three centuries ago did man adopt the scientific method of studying his environment. After this the development of civilization has become more rapid. The advance of all the natural sciences has been almost simultaneous: in fact, many of the prominent scientists were working in more than one field of knowledge.

2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

навколишнє середовище, записувати, спостереження, Єгипет, цивілізація, процвітати, античність, відкривати, внесок, наукові досягнення, розповсюдження, ідея, заявити, перейняти, науковий метод, галузь знань.

Match the words from column A with their meanings from column B.

1. to discover 2. antiquity 3. to advance 4. opposition 5. contribution 6. description 7. to flourish 8. rapid 9. courage

a. розвивати b. опір c. відкрити d. античність e. процвітати f. внесок g. опис h. мужність i. швидкий

4. Fill in the gaps with the verb to be in the proper tense form.

1. People _____ showing desire now to know more about their environment.

2. At his moment the observation _____ leading to the idea that the nature is knowable for us.

3. He _____ recording now his impressions of the conducted research.

4. Many prominent scientists _____ working in this field now.

5. Their civilization _____ flourishing now.

5. Answer the following questions:

1. When did science arise?

2. Where did the actual birth of science take place?

3. What did antique philosophers contribute to the development of science?

4. What is the most important scientific achievement of the Renaissance?

5. When did man adopt the scientific method of studying his environment?

Section 2

1. Read and translate the following text:

MATHEMATICS — THE LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE

Human language is capable of precise statements because it is a system of symbols. But common language is a product of social development, customs and traditions, and even by the most careful choice of words the meaning concealed in them may influence our reasoning. Algebra, the language of mathematics, consists mostly of signs and symbols and is carefully and purposefully designed. It is precise, concise and universal, i. e. one and the same throughout the civilised world, though the people in each country translate it into their own spoken language.

Algebra in the broad sense of the term deals with operations upon symbolic forms. In this capacity it not only permeates all of mathematics, but pervades practically all sciences including formal logic, philosophy, and even linguistics, poetry and music. In our scientific age there is a general belief that all science as it grows to perfection becomes mathematical in its ideas.

It is generally true that algebra in its development has passed successively through three stages: verbal, abbreviated and symbolic. Verbal algebra is characterised by the complete absence of any symbols, except, of course, that the words themselves are used in their symbolic sense. To this day verbal algebra is used in such a statement as "the sum is independent of the order of the terms", which in symbols is designated by a + b = b + a.

Abbreviated algebra, of which the Egyptian is a typical example, is a further development of verbal one. Certain words of frequent use are gradually abbreviated. The history of the symbols " + " and "—" may illustrate the point. In medieval Europe the latter was denoted by the full word "minus", then by the first letter "m" duly superscribed. Eventually the letter itself was dropped, leaving the superscript only. The sign "plus" has passed through a similar metamorphosis. The abbreviation has become a symbol.

The turning point in the history of algebra was an essay written late in the sixteenth century by a Frenchman, Viete, who denoted the unknown magnitudes by vowels. The given magnitudes were designated by consonants.

Within half a century of Viete's death there appeared Descartes' Geometry. In it the first letters of the alphabet were used for given quantities, the last for those unknown. The Cartesian notation not only displaced the Vie tan one, but has survived to this day.

Symbols permit of concise, clear representation of ideas which are sometimes quite complex. Consider, for example, how much is involved in the calculus symbol "Dy". Once we have grasped the meaning and use of a symbol there is no need to think through the origin and development of the idea symbolised, each time it is used. One of the chief reasons that mathematics is so effective in problems that are insoluble by other methods lies in the fact that it has a powerful technique based upon the use of symbols. It is convenient because the literal notation is free from all ambiguities of words. The letter is susceptible of operations and this enables one to transform literal expressions and thus to paraphrase any statement into a number of equivalent forms. It is this power of transformation that lifts algebra above the level of convenient shorthand.

Symbolic language is one of the basic characteristics of modern mathematics. And modern mathematics supplies a language for the treatment of the qualitative problems of the physical and social sciences. Much of this language takes the form of mathematical symbols.

2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

точне формулювання, впливати, складатися зі знаків, чіткий, стислий, науковий вік, удосконалюватися, абревіатура, словесна алгебра, символ рахування, головна причина, двозначність слова, обробка, якісний перехід.

3. Make up questions to the following answers:

Model: Human language is a system of symbols. (What...)

What is human language?

1. Yes, it does. Algebra, the language of mathematics, consists of signs and symbols. (Does …)

2. Algebra is precise, concise and universal. (What …)

3. Algebra in its development has passed through three stages: verbal, abbreviated and symbolic. (How many …)

4. Yes, it is. Verbal algebra is characterized by the complete absence of any symbols. (Is …)

5. In medieval Europe the symbol “-” was denoted by the full word “minus”. (How …)

6. The turning point in the history of algebra was written in the sixteenth century by a Frenchman Viete. (When …)

7. Yes, they do. Symbols permit of concise, clear representations of ideas. (Do …)

8. Mathematics is so effective in problems, because it has a powerful technique, based upon the use of symbols. (Why …)

9. Mathematics is convenient, because the literal notation is free from all ambiguities of words. (Why …)

4. Make up word combinations from the following words:

1. universal 2. abbreviated 3. scientific 4. symbolic 5. to paraphrase 6. convenient 7. equivalent 8. formal 9. spoken 10. to grasp

a. age b. sense c. stage d. shorthand e. form f. language g. statement h. meaning i. algebra j. logic

5. Answer the following questions:

1. What does algebra consist of?

2. What is a general belief in our scientific age?

3. What is the turning point in the history of algebra?

4. How many stages have algebra passed in its development? What are they?

5. What is one of the basic characteristics of modern mathematics?

Section 3

1. Read and translate the following text:

THE FIELDS AND USES OF PHYSICS

The story of man's civilisation is the story of his study of nature and the application of his knowledge in his life. Primitive man was born, lived and died with little change in his manner of living from generation to generation. The laws of nature were not studied.

The use of tools, first of stone and later of metals, the domestication of animals, the development of writing and counting, all progressed slowly since rapid advance was not possible until man began to gather data and check theories. Till that time most of man's knowledge was based on the speculations of the Greeks.

Not until a little over three centuries ago did man adopt the scientific method of studying his environment. After this the development of civilisation has become increasingly more rapid. The advance of all the natural sciences has been almost simultaneous: in fact, many of the prominent scientists were working in more than one field of knowledge.

We shall limit our attention to the one field of physics. Probably more than any other science physics has changed the conditions under which man lives. Physics deals not with man himself, but with the things he sees and feels and hears. This science deals with the laws of mechanics, heat, sound, electricity, light, which have been applied in numerous combinations to build our machine age. Modern physics also deals with electronics, atomic phenomena, photo-electricity, X-rays, radioactivity, the transmutation of matter and energy and the phenomena associated with electron tubes and the electric waves of modern radio.

The practical application of the developments of physics continues at an ever increasing rate. “Practical physics” plays, therefore, no small role, for the laws of physics are applied in every movement we make, in every attempt at communication, in the warmth and light we receive from the sun, in every machine. Practical applications of physics are not all made, by physicists, for the majority of those who apply the principles of physics are called “engineers”.

In fact, most of the branches of engineering are closely related with one or more sections of physics: civil engineering applies the principles of mechanics; mechanical engineering utilises the laws of mechanics and heat; electrical engineering is based on fundamentals of electricity, etc. The relation between engineering and physics is so close that a thorough knowledge and understanding of physical principles is important for progress of engineering. One of the tools common to physics and engineering is mathematics.

If we are to make effective use of the principles and measurements of physical science, we must have a workable knowledge of mathematics. Physics and mathematics are thus the basic “foundations of engineering”.

2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

цивілізація, застосування знань, від покоління до покоління, використання інструментів, розвиток, письмо та рахунок, збирати дані, одночасно, видатні вчені, займатися, радіоактивність, тепло, будівництво, використовувати, закони механіки, зв’язок, обмеження.

3. Make up word combinations from the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:

man’s, utilize, engineering, tube, to deal with, civilization, laws, mechanical, man, electron, electric, to gather, waves, data.

Read the following groups of words. Translate them into Ukrainian.

to develop – developer – development

increase – to increase – increasingly

to combine – combination

radioactive – radioactivity

to apply – applied - application

5. Transform the following sentences from plural into singular:

Model: The laws of nature weren’t studied. (plural)

The law of nature wasn’t studied. (singular)

1. Primitive men were born, lived and died with little change in their manners.

2. Prominent scientists worked in one field of knowledge.

3. Practical applications of physics are not all made by physicists.

4. In fact, all branches of engineering are related with the sections of physics.

Give plural form of the following words.

1. Generation, nature, civilization, principal, law;

2. Century, theory, study, majority;

3. Research, branch, gas, process;

4. Datum, knowledge, phenomenon, radio, sun, progress.

7. Answer the following questions:

1. Why did primitive men live with little change in their manners of living from generation to generation?

2. When did man adopt the scientific method of studying his environment?

3. What does physics deal with?

4. What role does “practical physics” play?

5. What branches of engineering are closely related with each other?

Section 4

1. Read and translate the following text:

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Everybody knows that chemistry with its today's possibilities is a young science. But its history began several thousand years ago. A great number of facts which are still useful in modern chemistry were discovered in ancient Greece, Rome and especially Egypt. But that knowledge was purely practical. They could not explain many things which they were observing in the material world. They prepared medicines from plants but could not tell what elements they consisted of.

Today, chemistry is revolutionising the material conditions of life of contemporary society. Its impact on the development of production is accounted for by the fact that many new technological methods are based on the chemical transformation of matter, the use of catalysis, synthetic materials and other achievements of chemistry and chemical industry. Those methods as a rule promote the growth of output and improve its quality, allow a more intensive use of equipment and cut costs on material and labour.

Everybody knows that chemistry is an extremely useful thing. We are aware of the fact that none of the key industries can develop without chemistry. This applies to machine-building, rocketry, agriculture, light and building industry, medicine, national defence, etc. There are other sciences (biochemistry, molecular biology, geochemistry, astrochemistry, etc.) which have been considerably affected by the progress of chemistry.

We all realise that the successes of Soviet chemistry have been amazingly great. Take, for instance, the chemistry of polymers. Our scientists, who are working jointly with the chemical branches of industry, have created the world's best polymers as far as durability and thermal stability are concerned. In our everyday life we are using beautiful fabrics and other materials which can now be made "to order" out of polymers obtained from natural gas, coal, shale, wood or oil. They are much more durable, cheaper, and of considerably better quality. Polymer substances are used in making bolts, screws, bodies for motor cars and motor boats, skis, tanks, belts, springs, bearings, blood vessels and joints, and a lot of other quite improbable things. We also know that almost all detergents, fertilisers, lubricants, fuels, antifreezes, pesticides, cosmetics, solid-state devices, energy-converters (magnets, lasers) and thousands of other products are constructed wholly or in part of synthetics.

In the not too distant future, when the atom, the Sun, the heat of the Earth, and the tides become the main sources of energy, the great quantities of coal, oil, gas, shale and wood, which are extracted and burned up all over the world every year, will be used to make consumer goods.

Today we are witnessing the development of a new scientific and technical branch — biochemical technology. The chemists-researchers have already succeeded in determining the place and the role of each atom in a complex bioorganic compound. We are also reading quite frequently about the scientists who can retrace and organise the processes in a living organism and change hereditary properties by introducing artificially created carriers of hereditary characters. The combination of biological or microbiological processes with those of direct chemical synthesis helps obtain new substances or micro-organisms. This also will provide humanity with unlimited sources of food, medicines, fodder, many types of highly valuable raw materials, etc. We are sure that there will be many new discoveries in our chemistry. They will create new opportunities in the future of mankind.

2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

можливість, пояснювати, спостерігати, ліки, сучасне суспільство, технологічний метод, синтетичні матеріали, досягнення хімії, хімічна промисловість, покращувати якість, зменшувати вартість матеріалу, молекулярна біологія, полімер, сланцева глина, шуруп, пружина, магніт, очищувач, забезпечувати людство.

3. Find odd words:

bolts, screws, bearings, fuels;

gas, coal, lubricant, wood;

organism, material, fabrics, polymers;

tank, vessel, bank, reservoir.

Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents. Make your own sentences with these English words.

A	B
1. medicines	a. будувати
2. contemporary	b. свідок
3. achievements	c. мастило
4. to obtain	d. паливо
5. lubricant	e. ліки
6. to construct	f. сучасний
7. fuel	g. традиційний
8. witness	h. отримувати
9. hereditary	i. магніт
10. magnet	j. досягнення

5. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple. Pay attention to the form of irregular verbs.

1. History of chemistry (to begin) several thousand years ago.

2. We (to make) materials, consisted of polymers.

3. Polymer substances (to be used) in making bolts, screws, motor boats, skis.

4. Our scientists (to work) jointly with the chemical branches of industry.

5. The Sun (to become) the main source of energy.

6. We (to search) information about scientists who (can) retrace and organize the processes in a living organism.

6. Answer the following questions:

1. When were important facts of chemistry discovered?

2. What is the role of chemistry nowadays?

3. What sciences are affected by the progress of chemistry?

4. What is the success of the chemistry of polymers?

5. What does the biochemical technology provide humanity with?

6. How is it possible to change hereditary properties?

7. What helps obtain new substances or micro-organisms?

UNIT 3

Section 1

1. Read and translate the following text:

COMMUNICATION WITH COMPUTER

Men use languages in order to communicate with each other. When the man wishes to communicate with the computer he uses in the same way "languages" such as BASIC, PASCAL, ADA, FORTRAN, ALGOL, COBOL, PL/m and others.

BASIC is considered to be one of the easiest programming languages to learn. It is now used almost universally.

PASCAL is a general purpose high level programming language. It is named after the famous French mathematician, Blaise Pascal. In 1642 he designed and built the first mechanical calculator, the “Pascaline”.

ADA is a high level programming language. It is a PASCAL-based language, but much more comprehensive than PASCAL. It was named after Augusta Ada Byron (1816 —1852), daughter of the English poet, Lord Byron.

FORTRAN is a problem oriented high level programming language for scientific and mathematical use. FORTRAN was the first high level programming language. It was developed in 1956 and was designed to easily express mathematical formulas for computer processing. It is still widely used as a programming language.

ALGOL — was developed as an international language for the expression of the algorithms between individuals as well as a programming language. It was introduced in the early 1960s. ALGOL was originally known as AIL or International Algebraic Language.

COBOL is internationally accepted programming language developed for general commercial use. The advantages of using COBOL are that it is relatively simple to learn and programs can be quickly written and tested. Programmers can easily understand programs not written by themselves.

Because of extraordinary technological development during the past decades, the term computer is becoming a household word. Computer applications have expanded to such breadth that the computer is now an integral part of virtually every type of business and industrial enterprise.

The number of electronic computers used in any given field of human activity is sometimes believed to indicate the degree of its modernity. For example, the more computers scientific institute uses the more modern it is believed to be. It is not always born in mind, however, that computers alone represent only what is called the hardware, i. e. the machinery together with its subtle technical and logical design. In order that the hardware may be used effectively, another essential factor is needed: the so-called software or applied thoughts. The preparation of computer programs, the working out of the logical aspects of material to be manipulated in a computer, takes up as much, if not more, time as the actual production of the hardware and is by no mean easier. The software, as most intangible product, is not always capable of being readily evaluated. This, however, does not change the fact that it is at least as decisive as the hardware in obtaining solutions to concrete scientific and technological problems.

There are two basic types of electronic computers: digital and analogue. Each type has its uses in various fields. However, they have one thing in common: for their effective operation they require ingeniously thought-out software.

2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

cпілкуватися, програмна мова, вважатися, більш зрозумілий, міжнародна мова, відносно легкий, десятиліття, розширюватись, промислове підприємство, визначати рівень, сучасність, суттєвий факт, обробляти, логічні аспекти, отримувати рішення, цифровий, аналоговий, потребувати.

3. Make up sentences from the following sets of words. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Is, BASIC, to be, considered, one of programming, the easiest, to learn, languages.

2. A general, PASCAL, is, high, language, programming, level, purpose.

3. COBOL, the advantages, it, is, simple, relatively, of using, are, that, to learn, programs, and, quickly, can, be, tested, and, written.

4. The software, intangible, product, most, as, always, is not, being, capable of, evaluated, readily.

5. Digital, types, there are, and, computers, analog, of, two, electronic, basic.

4. Write out the Past Continuous Tense of the following verbs:

to do, to learn, to consider, to write, to stop.

5. Transform the following sentences into Past Continuous Tense:

1. Men use languages in order to communicate with each other.

2. He designs and builds an advanced mechanical calculator.

3. A number of electronic computers are used in all fields of human activity.

4. Digital and analogue computers require ingeniously thought out software.

5. The term computer became a household word.

6. Answer the following questions:

1. What “languages” do men use to communicate with the computer?

2. When did PASCAL language appear?

3. What are the advantages of using COBOL?

4. What do computers represent alone?

5. How many types of electronic computers do you know? What are they?

Section 2

1. Read and translate the following text:

WHAT CAN COMPUTERS DO?

From the first electronic digital computers of the forties to to-day's versatile computers and most up-to-date microcomputers, very little has changed as far as basic computer operation is concerned. In the last thirty years, vast improvements in the size, speed and capabilities of computers have taken place. But to-day digital computers still use the same logical operations as their predecessors. There are many basic concepts that can be applied to all types of computers, including microcomputers.

For the most part, human beings can do whatever computers can do, but computers can do it with much greater speed and accuracy, though computers perform all the calculations and operations one step at a time. A computer is faster and more accurate than people, but unlike most people it must be given a complete set of instructions that tell it exactly what to do at each step of its operation. This set of instructions, called a programme is prepared by one or more persons for each job a computer is to do. These programmes are placed in the computer's memory unit in binary-coded form, with each instruction having unique code.

Computers are often used in applications where the results of their calculations are required immediately to be used in controlling a process. These are called real-time applications; they are often found in industrial process control in industries such as paper mills, oil refineries, chemical plants, and many others. The measuring systems send their signals to the computer which processes them and responds with appropriate control signals to be sent back to the process.

Computers in present use range considerably: from tiny things to big fellows. The microcomputer, for one, is the smallest and the newest member of the computer family. It usually consists of several integrated circuit chips, including a microprocessor chip, memory chips, and input/output interface chips which are a result of tremendous advances in large-scale integration.

Minicomputers are larger than microcomputers, they are widely used in industrial control systems, scientific institutions, and research laboratories. Although more expensive than microcomputers, minicomputers continue to be widely used because they are generally faster and possess more capabilities.

The largest computers (“maxicomputers”) are those found in research centres, large scientific laboratories, big universities.

Most of the computer principles and concepts are common to all categories of computers, although there can be tremendous variations from computer to computer.

A question sometimes arises whether computers are able to think. As a matter of fact they do not think. The computer programmer provides a programme of instructions and data which specifies every detail of what to do, how to do, and when to do it. The computer is simply a high-speed machine which can manipulate data, solve problems, and make decisions, all under the control of the programme. If the programmer makes a mistake in the programme or puts in the wrong data, the computer will produce wrong results.

Every computer contains five essential elements or units: the arithmetic logic unit, the memory unit, the control unit, the input unit, and the output unit.

The arithmetic logic unit is the area of the computer in which arithmetic and logic operations are performed on data.

The memory unit stores groups of binary digits (words) that can represent instructions (programme) which the computer is to perform and the data that are to be operated on by the programme. The input unit consists of all the devices used to take information and data that are external to the computer and put it into the memory unit.

The output unit consists of the devices used to transfer data and information from the computer to the outside world.

The control unit directs the operation of all the other units by providing timing and control signals. This unit contains logic and timing circuits that generate the signal necessary to execute each instruction in a programme.

2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

електронно-цифровий комп’ютер, рахунок, набір інструкцій, унікальний код, мікропроцесор, мікросхема пам’яті, мікросхема інтерфейсу, арифметично-логічний пристрій, модуль пам’яті, модуль управління, дані, пристрій вводу, пристрій виводу, часова схема.

3. Find odd words:

mill, refinery, computer, plant;

circuit, chip, unit, program;

results, data, news, information.

Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents. Make your own sentences with these English words.

1. digital	a. повний
2. accurate	b. швидкий
3. complete	c. суттєвий, невід’ємний
4. appropriate	d. дорогий
5. fast	e. здатний
6. expensive	f. цифровий
7. common	g. зовнішній
8. able	h. підходящий, належний
9. external	i. точний
10. essential	j. загальний, звичайний

Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple Tense. Translate these sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Vast improvements in the size, speed and capabilities of computers (to take place) in 1980s.

2. These programs (to be placed) in the computer’s memory unit in binary-coded form.

3. Charles Babbage (to design) the first computer in 1833.

4. Computers (to be found) in industrial process control in 1980s.

5. The computer programmers (to provide) a program of instructions and data.

6. Even in 1980s every computer (to contain) five essential elements or units.

6. Answer the following questions:

Where do human beings use computers?

What does the microcomputer consist of?

What is the difference between microcomputers and minicomputers?

Where are the largest computers found?

What does the computer programmer provide?

Name the main elements of every computer.

What is the function of the control unit?

UNIT 4

Section 1

1. Read and translate the following text:

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