Practice task. I. Translate these sentences into Russian, paying attention to the lexico-grammatical techniques you employed

I. Translate these sentences into Russian, paying attention to the lexico-grammatical techniques you employed. Point out the essence of the transformation. The first two sentences are given as an example.

English sentence	Russian translation
He also gave money to a small North Carolina college, which became Duke University.	Он также пожертвовал деньги на маленький колледж в Северной Каролине, который позже приобрел статус университета и был назван в честь своего мецената «Дьюк юнивесити».   Addition
For example, over many years corporations have created enough wealth to raise living standards dramatically in industrialized nations.	Например, за много лет корпорации накопили достаточный запас материальных ценностей, чтобы значительно поднять жизненный уровень населения в промышленно развитых странах.   nation - 1) народ, нация; народность; 2) государство, страна   Specification
University professors sing the praises of Einstein, Socrates, and occasionally a more prestigious version of ‘Mr. Chips’.	*Мистер Чипс - центральный персонаж книги Дж. Хилтона [Hilton, James] " До свидания, мистер Чипс" [" Goodbye, Mr. Chips"] (1935) и одноименного фильма по ней (1939); учитель латыни, отдающий все силы и любовь своим ученикам. Синоним учителя, преданного своему делу.
He [Duke] installed Bonsak machines in four new manufacturing plants that soon ran 24 hours a day.
Child labour, once widespread in the United States, is no longer permitted, but exists in other nations.
The past 20 years have seen novel changes in sentencing practices …
Other conceptions of labor dispense with these assumptions.   dispense with - обходиться без чего-л.
All successful designers, from an icon like Gaultier to a young tyro emerging from the backstreets of New York, understand that they are running a business.
Hopefully tomorrow's public relations practitioners will exercise more ethical control than some of their earlier forerunners.
In the 1980s, much academic ink was spilled over the “productivity paradox,” where businesses had invested heavily in information technology over the preceding two decades, but, despite the capital outlay, had very little to show for their efforts.
In October 2005 he [Williamson] added an additional, iridescent feather to his cap by being appointed as the designer at Emilio Pucci.
There are millions of candidates online, reviewing hundreds of thousands of job openings listed at thousands of career sites on the Web.
Mass tourism did not really begin to develop, however, until two things had occurred.
Zara is renowned for whisking budget interpretation of catwalk style into its stores with breathtaking speed.

II. Compare the English sentences with their Russian translation and state the type of grammatical transformation.

Type of grammatical transformation	English sentence	Russian sentence
	Companies in ascending industries change societies by altering all three of their primary elements – ideas, institutions, and material things.
	The Bradford Formula is used to calculate an “attendance score”.
	So soon as this is recognized, the distinction between economy in consumption and economy in investment becomes blurred. For, up to a point, consumption is investment in personal productive capacity.
	Prevent domination by individual members of the group by bringing in other people and asking cross-reference questions.
	The theory is that short, frequent and unplanned absences are more disruptive than longer absences.
	Communications are effective in a performance improvement program because of the way our brains work.
	Our next stop is a factory floor, where four cutting tables can cut as many as 8,000 garments a day.
	Bowling is another sport in which a number of presidents actively participated in while in the White House.
	Clearly, a focus on practice is fundamental.
	Many persons are unaware that these crimes exist.
	The Internet is a valuable recruiting tool, especially for reaching prospective employees in their twenties and thirties.
	This scenario is routine, happening literally hundreds of thousands of times in jurisdictions throughout the United States each year.
	The UN Development Program says the goal of in­vestment and trade liberalization is to improve the quality of life.
	But I won’t pretend to be a detached, disinterested observer. Nobody believes in them anymore anyway.

III. Analyze the following article from the point of view of employing translation techniques.

Why Does Our Infrastructure Resemble a Third World Country’s?

BY: Alex Marshall | February 2012

Take a look around your community and I bet you’ll see pothole-filled roads, rusting bridges and decaying train stations. It is rare, rather than the rule, to see unblemished asphalt, gleaming railings and bright platforms. Yet we are, by all estimates, one of the richest societies in the world. What gives?

First of all, although my evidence is largely anecdotal, I have no doubt that the state of affairs I describe above is true. Americans traveling to other developed countries notice the difference, as do foreigners when they come here.

A German graduate student once told me he was amazed at the poor roads, sidewalks and other features in Cambridge, Mass., where we were both living and studying at the time.

“It looks like a third-world country here,” he said. “Apparently, no one cares.”

I don’t think that is the case, but I do think we have become accustomed to a lower-quality public environment, one that would not be tolerated in France, Germany or Japan. It was already ironic that Cambridge, a rich, liberal city that lavishes praises on the public sector, put up with it. Regardless, the chronic maintenance cutbacks in this country result in shoddy-looking and poor- performing infrastructure systems, more accidents and a negative impact on economic capacity.

One explanation may be our budgeting process. States and cities generally pay for maintenance from annual operating budgets. You can’t borrow money to repair a pothole. That leaves the pots of money set aside as tempting targets.

“Maintenance budgets are one of the first places mayors and governors look for money to fill budget shortfalls,” says William Reinhardt, editor of Public Works Financing. “That’s because the effects of underfunding maintenance are not immediately obvious.”

In contrast, states and cities borrow money to build new roads, bridges and train lines. It can be tempting to use the money that would have gone for maintenance to pay the interest costs on bonds sold to build new stuff. Political pressures come to bear as well. Developers and real estate interests often clamor for new highways and other infrastructure, and fund politicians who support them. While citizens whine about potholes, they rarely vote on that basis.

Whatever the reason, peculiar budgeting practices occur. A transit manager at a major American city told me a revealing story during a tour:

“See those lights,” said the official, pointing to some bulbs within some rusting metal frames hanging over the platform. “It would only cost about $1,000 a year to maintain those well. We can’t get that. So instead, we will wait until they rust out and fail completely. Then we will replace them, at a cost of perhaps $100,000.” This is poor governance and poor economics, to say the least.

“Every dollar spent in keeping a good road good precludes spending $6 to $14 to rebuild one that has deteriorated,” says Reinhardt. “This is another example of kicking the can down the road — a case of bad governing that has a huge future cost.”

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