Practice task. I. Translate the following sentences into Russian

I. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Justify your choice of the TL structure.

English sentence	Russian translation
This area has been designated by UNESCO as World Heritage Site.
Plays, gambling, drinking and the like were frowned on by the city fathers. frowns on - осуждать
National airlines have long been seen as powerful symbols of their countries’ economic virility. virility - 1) возмужалость; 2) мужественность; смелость, храбрость; энергичность
The practice of HRM is underpinned by a number of theories. underpin - поддерживать, подкреплять (тезис, аргумент и т. п.)
Freedom is never given; it is won. A. Philip Randolph
Of course, some offenses are neglected by citizens as well as by officials …
The old rhetoric was attributed to Aristotle, who taught that to persuade required careful attention to logos, ethos, and pathos in an attempt to persuade one’s interlocutor.
More than 50 per cent of the clothes, particularly high-fashion items, are made in Zara’s own factories in Spain, most of them close to its headquarters.
Jobs that were not even considered five years ago have been created because of the Internet revolution.
The governments of Asia seem to have been convinced by employers that workers shouldn't have the right to organize and bargain.

II. Translate the following sentences paying attention to their initial structures.

English sentence	Russian translation
Had I been a photographer, not a writing journalist, I would have been sacked.
If our standard of living doubles in the next forty years … we will theoretically quadruple our impact, a physical impossibility.
So soon as this is recognized, the distinction between economy in consumption and economy in investment becomes blurred …
These kinds of changes will be wrenching, as they will affect both the daily routine and self-conception of everyone involved in creating and distributing news.
The president, who is often referred to as the “most powerful man in the free world”, is the ultimate commander-and-chief of the United States military and is constitutionally charged to “take care the laws be faithfully executed.”
Starck is best known for architecture and interiors, although he is increasingly branching out into other areas …
Despite the fact that U.S. organizations spend over $100 billion annually on incentive programs, many business people question their effectiveness.
While practitioners’ roles have long been a popular focus in public relations research, comparatively little research has been conducted to assess practitioners’ use of the Internet …

III. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the functions of the modal verbs.

Function	English sentence	Russian translation
	Can the government be prevailed upon to lower taxes? prevail (up)on) - убедить, уговорить (кого-л.)
	It might be supposed that the accession of solar light would be accompanied by increase of temperature. accession - прирост; прибавление; пополнение, увеличение
	I can’t teach anybody anything. I can only make them think. Socrates
	The government is to accelerate its privatization program.
	Care should be taken when making this computation … computation - вычисление; выкладка, расчет
	Problems we ignore now will come back to haunt us.
	One of the lessons of our new information environment is that you cannot entirely separate the message from the messenger.
	To be regarded as viable candidates, female politicians must use persuasive techniques surrounding their sporting exploits.

IV. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the functions of the non-finite forms of the verb.

Non-finite form of the verb	English sentence	Russian translation
	The dramatic death of Princess Diana while being chased by paparazzi is unlikely to bring press intrusion to an end.
	Scientists have spent years researching into the effects of certain chemicals on the human brain.
	The majority of people surveyed said that they would be happy to earn less money if they had more time to be with their loved ones.
	Although never officially designated as an air raid shelter, the Marples was a conspicuously robust building with an extensive network of cellars below ground. It's not surprising that many people in the vicinity congregated there for refuge.
	There sat a reporter pencil in hand to take down his words.
	Rules are therefore believed to generate important and far-reaching consequences.
	Hence there is scope for financial and other motivations to be used at local levels.
	There will be more messages for people to choose from —and more difficulty in avoiding the choice.
	H&M’s base at Regeringsgaten 48, Stockholm, is certainly democratic in appearance. Located in the commercial centre of the city, just up the road from an enormous H&M flagship store, it is blocky and practical. The lifts, to be quite honest, could do with a bit of a makeover.

V. Read and translate the passage from the book The Ecology of Commerce by Paul Hawken. Indicate all grammatical categories used by the author, state the function they perform in the sentence and comment on the way of translating them.

Whenever a disturbance or perturbation such as a road violates an established ecosystem, invasive weeds like thistle or broom take over bare ground and spread quickly, establishing temporary primacy. These opportunistic species are suited to what are sometimes called immature systems. The plants compete for sunlight in order to capture the maximum available energy, in the process covering the bare earth as quickly as possible. In such a system, energy is used less efficiently, diversity is reduced, and the plant communities support less life in general. Anyone who has observed, day by day, the changes on a patch of land cleared in the spring knows this colonization can happen within weeks.

The constant transformation of ecosystems by organisms is the subject of ecology. Plants and organisms do not simply occupy an environment; they alter and remake it, creating increasingly varied and complex forms of organization. The second law of thermodynamics states that as energy dissipates, systems descend into reduced states of organization and ultimately to chaos and entropy. Only life prevents entropy from extending to nature: the intricate, mysterious interaction of organisms that captures sunlight and evolves into higher levels of order and complexity. This state of organization and succession, the opposite of entropy, is called negentropy. It is this evolving order that humbles us before nature. While the origins and meaning of life may be unknown, the way nature transforms the nonliving to the living, the simple to the complex, the inefficient to the efficient, is better known and understood. All industrial systems and designs pale when compared to the efficiency of natural systems of production. Nothing does more with less. This knowledge makes nature the logical exemplar for an increasingly evolved from of commerce.

An ecosystem evolves from pioneering, immature states that emphasize growth, through several intermediate stages, until it evolves into mature systems that are efficient and resource conserving. Mature, climax systems comprise an association of organisms that reach a state of equilibrium that leaves habitats stable from year to year. Because no environment remains unchanged, even climax communities do not last forever, but they are the most diverse, lasting, and complex of communities, and are thus more resilient to disturbances in the greater environment.

Through their complex interchanges of nutrients, gases, and information, mature system creates the greatest amount of biomass with the least amount of input. Pioneer systems create the foundation for more mature ecosystems because they stabilize the soil, check erosion, bring trace elements up from the subsoil, and prevent further deterioration of the area. Once a pioneer state is established, increasingly complex organisms and relationships succeed the initial colonizers. This process continues until the most adapted system the setting will allow is reached.

The differences between pioneer and climax systems are instructive. In immature systems, most energy is used to create new growth, and soil is quickly covered. In a climax system, the greater part of energy is devoted to the continuation of the existing plant and animal communities, since the entire ecosystem is, in fact, colonized and inhabited. All present agriculture, whether it is slash-and-burn or industrial, involves the reversion of a climax system to a pioneering one. We exchange stability and sustainability for short-term abundance and production. In other words, we go backward, and not just on our farms.

SEMINAR 6

1. What is functional style? Give the classification of styles.

2. What are the main demands which a good translator should meet in the process of translation of scientific literature? State the main ways of translating terms.

3. Describe the structure of a newspaper item. Explain the peculiarities of translating newspaper headlines (from English into Russian and vice versa). Comment on the ways of translation of clichés.

4. What does the problem of stylistic devices touch upon? How does it correlate with translation?

5. List the most widespread lexical and syntactical stylistic devices which should be born in mind when translating from English into Russian.

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