Practice task. I. Read the extracts from five sources and identify their functional style

I. Read the extracts from five sources and identify their functional style. Translate them into Russian.

№	Text extract	Type of style
	In fact, we may have already reached the diminishing point. We are seeing many dangerous signs of this usurpation of planetary production, foremost of which is the loss of other forms of life – extinctions. Before we reach 60 or 70 percent utilization of the NPP, we will witness an ecological crash. Hundreds of thousands of special will vanish because they will not be able to complete with us for food. These newly depleted ecosystems will be reduced to soil substrates into which we will have to force increasing amounts of chemicals to grow decreasing amounts of food. Every living system in the world today is in decline. Between 1975 and 2005, the world’s forests were reduced by 608 million acres. In 1991, 42 million acres were cut or destroyed, the highest rate of reduction in the history of humankind. Since that time, owing to efforts by governments and civil society, that figure has been reduced somewhat to 32 million acres. Of that total, 15 million acres are primary forests, ecosystems with no prior signs of human impact, which are the most biologically diverse lands of the world.
	Payment of this amount is to be effected upon expiration of the guarantee period within 30 days of receipt by the Buyers of the Seller’s invoice and provided there are no grounded claims from the Buyers. All Bank expenses for collection are to be paid as follows: - all expenses of the Bank of the Sellers’ country to be borne by the Sellers; - all expenses of the Bank for Foreign Trade of the RF to be borne by the Buyers.
	Abuse of the elderly must be treated with the same seriousness as child abuse, with police receiving special training to protect older people from what has become a “national scandal”, a charity said today.
	Elizabeth found the interest of the subject increase, and listened with all her heart; but the delicacy of it prevented farther inquiry. Mr Wickham began to speak on more general topics, Meryton, the neighbourhood, the society, appearing highly pleased with all that he had yet seen, and speaking of the latter especially with gentle but very intelligible gallantry.
	A translated text, whether prose or poetry, fiction or non-fiction, is judged acceptable by most publishers, reviewers and readers when it reads fluently, when the absence of any linguistic or stylistic peculiarities makes it seem transparent, giving the appearance that it reflects the foreign writer’s personality or intention or the essential meaning of the foreign text – the appearance, in other words, the translation is not in fact a translation, but the ‘original”.

II. Render the following sentences into Russian. Comment on the way of translating terms.

English sentence	Russian translation	Way of translation
Modern apprenticeships were originally introduced by the government as a means of developing key skills. *modern apprenticeship - an arrangement that allows a school leaver to gain vocational qualifications while being trained in a job	Профессионально-техническая подготовка выпускников школ была инициирована правительством как способ развития основных трудовых навыков.	Analogous translation
Usually small businesses (for-profit or nonprofit) have to carry out these activities themselves.
On the whole, these ESP systems have their origin on software that integrates information from different applications into one universal database.
Other colonized peoples have invoked it with respect to the “brain drain”, or “human capital flight” …
“Skill” stands for narrow, domain-specific ability.
With minor state involvements, the high school movement started at the grass-roots level, particularly the communities with the most homogeneous populations.
Particular needs often include special transportation services or waste-disposal services.
Social workers, to be true to their mission, must strive to benefit each individual as much as is possible, but they must also seek to change the systems themselves.
Euler's identity is named after Leonhard Euler, one of the most prolific mathematicians of all times.
The aim of the facilitator is to guide the group’s thinking.

III. Restore the following newspaper headlines into full sentences. Translate them into Russian.

English headline	Restored sentence	Russian translation
Britain and France to sign defense treaty
Reassessment of nation’s defences urgently required
British protesters arrested
Hero of wartime elephant Dankirk to be honoured
Activist released after NY protest
EU group votes to curb high-frequency trade
Cameron flunks the Magna Carta test
Spain to unveil more savage cuts
Mail DNA found in women’s brains
UFO gives a dazzling show in night skies

IV. Translate the following sentences into Russian and define the lexical stylistic device for each example.

Device	English sentence	Russian translation
	Corporate power “is something more than men,” wrote John Steinbeck. “It’s the monster. Men made it, but they can’t control it”.
	America the Beautiful
	‘The Vandals were savages. They destroyed much, they created nothing. …’
	Fifth column
	Like pioneer plants, we were aggressive and competitive.
	If you have money, you have advertising muscle, so you can control your editorial presence …
	Because of distance from Mother England, they [colonists] were already autonomous in most practical day-to-day matters.
	The collapse of the old information order scourged journalism with a poisonous blend of doubt and defiance.
	… the launch of Lagerfeld’s ‘capsule’ collection for H&M was the consummation of a long-time hot and heavy flirtation between haute couture and high street …

V. Translate the following emphatic sentences into Russian. Comment on their original structures.

Type of construction	English sentence	Russian translation
	Not only food but fuel, water, and electricity can serve as limits to carrying capacity.
	The best sales teams are successful not because of the sales methodology but because they have the best sales managers. sales team - группа сбыта sales manager - коммерческий директор
	Only in recent years have HR scholars and professionals focused on developing models that can measure the values added by HR.
	This is so, since it is a firm’s personnel who actually construct a good, or provide a service.
	What’s so exciting about it from a technical point of view is how innovative the company has been since it was set up in 1815.
	Like most designers at his level, Williamson is intent on creating his own style: ‘I don’t follow trends. If anything, I think it’s my job to create trends’.
	Williamson says: ‘However big your company ultimately becomes, it’s vital you keep control over that’.
	Perhaps the most obvious comparison is the partnership between Pierre Berge and Yves Saint Laurent. Partners in life as well as in business, they founded their company in 1961 …
	Once the need for Internet recruiters was recognized, a professional organization was established.
	The more a company recruits on the Internet, the greater the need for Internet recruiters.

SEMINAR 7

1. What are the basic characteristics of a translation technique?

2. Comment on the cases of employing lexical translation techniques.

3. List the types of lexico-semantic modifications.

4. What lexico-grammatical transformations can be employed in the process of translation?

5. Explain the courses of grammatical transformations.

6. State the main types of grammatical transformations.

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