Exercise 2. Use the words in brackets in the correct form.

1) I can’t imagine her (drive) a car.

2) He agreed (buy) his son a new CD player.

3) The problem is easy (solve).

4) The man asked me how (get) to the bank.

5) I look forward to (see) you at the weekend.

6) Are you thinking of (visit) New York?

7) We decided (stay) in that beautiful town.

8) The teacher expected Michael (study) hard.

9) He doesn’t mind (work) the night shift.

10) I learned (ride) a bike at the age of 6.

11) The girl goes on (read) the book.

Exercise 3. Insert prepositions into the gaps:

1. The girls insisted ….. going out with Jenny.

2. I am looking forward …. getting married soon.

3. She concentrated …. creating the design and her husband on printing and merchandising them.

4. The stranger apologized … calling late in the evening.

5. It was cool out and Mary felt …. staying at home.

6. She often complains …. having nightmares.

7. On a hot summer day, who doesn’t think … spending the afternoon with a fishing rod?

8. He was afraid … being caught by the police.

9. How many years does it take to be good … playing guitar?

10. Have you ever dreamed … starting a business?

Exercise 4. Define the function of ing-form and translate the following sentences:

1. In passing through a metal electrons collide with many ions. 2. When the boiling is reached the adding of heat does not raise the temperature. 3. The proper work of an engine depends upon its being well lubricated. 4. All the chemical transformations that take place around us only change energy from one form into another without affecting the total. 5. Coal and any other fuel provide the heat required for driving our engines and turbines. 6. In carrying out the plan of launching an artificial satellite our scientists had to solve many difficult problems. 7. The bridge having been repaired so quickly surprised us very much. 8. Before discussing this question they made a short break. 9. I knew nothing about the recent happenings. 10. Their having crossed the river caused a great surprise. 11. War causes hard sufferings.

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences determining the part of speech of ing-form:

а. 1. Everything must have a beginning. 2. The proof of the pudding is in the eating. 3. Wisdom denotes the pursuing of the best end by the best means (F. Hutcheson). 4. This procedure is finding increasing use. 5. A man should be viewed as a free, rational being possessing a free will. 6. The problem, however, is in not dividing the structure finely enough. 7. Before starting the engine it is necessary to test the piping for leakage. 8. Inhibiting is preferable to drastic refining. 9. Fortran has become a widely accepted programming language of the coding of mathematical appli­cations. 10. This is not surprising in view of the fact that these compounds undergo rearrangement, giving diazoesters. 11. After all in sport what really counts is not the winning, but the playing. 12. The system architecture consists of several lay­ers together with corresponding compiling modules. 13. Two results obtained using the protocol showed an interesting ef­fect worth presenting and discussing here. 14. Frequently, one is watching a sports event involving two teams without any intrinsic reason for supporting either. 15. The accumu­lated bulk of knowledge on how to run a business provides deep understanding of the mechanism of business. 16. A sys­tem analyst spends much of a working day interviewing peo­ple. 17. The theory also basically improves understanding of a queuing situation enabling better control.

в. 1. If the saving in operating costs is to be fully realized, a high standard of reliability is necessary. 2. The primary func­tion of the office is the handling of information. 3. In the passing of current through the conductor resistance results in the giving off heat. 4. The object of heating and ventilating a building is to provide a healthy and pleasant home. 5. What is the decision maker trying to attain by solving the problem at hand? And what is he trying to retain? 6. Objectives may involve either getting something one does not have or giving up none or as little as possible of something one does have.

Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the Gerund:

а. 1. Having overcome the economic backwardness inherited from the militarist Japan, the post-war Japan increased its output of means of production 183-fold, as compared to 1941. 2. The sufferings of people in Africa from starvation were terrible. 3. In America about one million hectares of valuable farm land have been confiscated for military testing ground and camps and every day brings fresh reports of farms being converted to the same purpose and of whole villages being torn down to make room for military installations. 4. The growing economic difficulties are prompting the average citizen to lift his voice for development of industry and international co-operation.

в. 1. The disintegration of radioactive substances is a spontaneous process, no method accelerating or retarding it being known. 2. Carbon dioxide may be obtained by heating some carbonates to a high temperature. 3. In chemical changes occurring in substances atoms continue to be indivisible. 4. Water vapour can be condensed into a liquid by taking away heat or by decreasing its volume. 5. Sometimes the cooling without the increasing of pressure results in liquefying the gas. 6. While teaching mathematics Tsiolkovsky continued his self-education studying astronomy, biology, and chemistry. 7. Stanyukovich distinguished himself as a gifted writer, most of his novels being connected with the sea.

с. 1. The Russian national budget is an important medium for raising living standards of the people. 2. Peaceful co-operation among nations espousing different social system is both possible and desirable. 3. Taking advantage of the suddenness of their treacherous attack, the German-fascists strove to crush our army by powerful blows at the beginning of the war. 4. The lifting of the blockade of Leningrad was a great success of both our land and naval forces. 5. The Japanese yoke having been removed by the Soviet Army, the people of Korea saw their way to independence, democracy, and progress.

Exercise 7. Translate the following sentences; mind the part of Gerund in the sentence:

a) 1. Learning without thought is labour lost; thought without learning is perilous (Confucius). 2. Seeing is believing. 3. Appetite comes with eating. 4. Upon switching off the current the pressure dropped. 5. Instead of using chlorine, they took bromine. 6. A committee has been established for the purpose of coordinating the nomenclature. 7. They con­tinued experimenting with the substance. 8. From here on, the theory starts evaluating the various alternatives of action in terms of the objectives. 9. We have modified the network while retaining the SFS property. 10. Having access to the code was symbolic. 11. It is worthwhile thinking over the effects I have just described. 12. Besides being useful in general interpolation technique, the procedure can be ef­fectively used to approximate the first coefficients of F. 13. The new opportunities may make life on this planet much more worth living.

b) 1. They were against postponing the meeting and for going on with the discussion of this problem. 2. We were all for starting the experiment at once. 3. It is no use speaking of it. 4. Operating conditions differed widely. 5. It is customary to dry the precipitate on the paper without removing it from the funnel. 6. They could not help seeing the importance of the process. 7. It is commonly understood that regular queues before a theatre or a cinema are one sign that the show is worth seeing. 8. The purpose of the method is determining system stability. 9. In one's search to under­stand what happens in this particular case, one cannot help being influenced by the history of quite another problem. 10. We succeeded in building a flexible system. 11. The architects' aim is applying more plastics for interior decoration. 12. It may well be worthwhile considering the purpose of the investi­gation. 13. Search theory is potentially applicable to any sort of searching process. 14. The missionaries kept coming back from the Latinized continent. 15. Balancing is done by adjust­ing the position of the rods.

Exercise 8. Translate the text, determine the Gerund in sentence:

Automation in the Research Process

Our goal should be automating the routine and thereby leave more time for the creative process.

With that word of caution, let's proceed by arbitrarily di­viding research into three stages and examining each stage to find what functions of the research process might be automated without endangering creativity. Stage one includes the dreams, the ideas, the exploratory work, selecting the problem, setting the objective, testing technical feasibility, and searching the literature. Stage two involves planning the experiment, conduct­ing the experiment, checking the alternates, data taking, and data evaluation. Stage three is the solution of the problem ­drawing conclusions and making recommendations.

Although there is a great deal of creativity involved in stage one, there are also opportunities for automation. The burden of keeping up with the literature even in one's own restricted field is becoming heavier with each passing year. The mass of reading necessary to make a literature search has increased immensely. Advances in computer technology have made possible storing and quick retrieving essentially all the scientific literature.

Exercise 9. Determine the functions of the Gerund in the following sentences:

1. Two special cases are worth highlighting. 2. The question is answered in part by studying the behaviour of the optimal strategy for the task described here. 3. It is worthwhile recon­sidering this case as well as adding another even more impres­sive example. 4. Up to the present time, several writers have succeeded in finding exact solution of the fundamental dif­ferential equation in certain particular cases. 5. This justifies our coming here. 6. Programming a computer involves analys­ing the problem to be solved and a plan to solve it. 7. Having the source code is a way of achieving independence. 8. Today we cannot help witnessing a tendency in science to direct the collective efforts of a research team at the achievement of a common goal. 9. The opening words of this curious treaty are worthy of being recorded. 10. They were accused of being the friends of the Pretender. 11. Peter insisted upon laying aside all the ceremonial of royalty. 12. He had died without leaving either a personal or a political will. 13. Perhaps one of the biggest problems is ventilating suckers. 14. Air cooling instead of water cooling would also reduce the weight of the engine. 15. Trying to minimize the importance of the discovery was of no use. 16. The ability of the device to place max poles while preserving others is clearly attractive. 17. Life is a matter of making wise choices – of knowing when to draw the line. 18. The method as developed by W. R. Evens is indicating the location of roots of the characteristic equation.

Exercise 10. Translate the text. Find all forms ending with –ing and determine their functions:

ELASTICITY

Pulling a rubber band increases its length. However, if you cease pulling it and release one of its ends, the rubber band will quickly return to its original shape and size.

Solids in greatly differing degrees resist being changed in shape, i.e. resist deformation. Some of them, like a rubber band or a steel spring, are called elastic because they return to their original size and shape after having been stretched or compressed. Others are known as elastic because they straighten after having been bent.

Gases and liquids are perfectly elastic. In spite of then having been compressed they return to their original volume after the removing of the applied force.

Air, for instance, is perfectly elastic. If it is compressed and then allowed to return to its original pressure and temperature, it returns exactly to its original volume.

We may define an elastic body as one tending to return to its original shape and size when the deforming force is removed. On the contrary, bodies that are not very elastic do not show the tendency of returning to their original form. Thus, elasticity is the tendency to return to the original condition after deformation.

Careful experiments made on various elastic materials show that there is a simple relationship existing between the acting force and the resistance force. This relationship must have a limit somewhere and the stretching cannot be increased indefinitely.

Elastic limit is the point beyond which one should not attempt deforming the body if it is to return to its original condition.

As we are stretching an elastic object such as a steel spring, for instance, there must come a time when the elastic limit is reached, and then the above-mentioned relationship will not hold any longer. However, stretching the steel spring repeatedly or leaving it stretched moderately has no practical effect upon it. Considering further the example of the rubber band, one finds that the more the rubber band is pulled, the longer it will become until the elastic limit is reached, at last. It is known, however, that rubber can stretch a relatively long distance before reaching the elastic limit

Умовний спосіб

(Subjunctive Mood)

CONDITIONALS
	REAL CONDITION	UNREAL CONDITION
P R E S E N T / F U T U R E	IF/WHEN clause	main clause	IF/WHEN clause	main clause
+V/V(e)s (-? do/does)	· V/V(e)s · will V · V!	+V 2/ed (-/? did) were	would V
When he uses the Internet, Коли він використовує Інтернет, If he has the Internet at home, Якщо він матиме Інтернет вдома, If you don’t have the Internet at home, Якщо ти не маєш вдома Інтернет,	he always looks into his mailbox. він завжди зазирає у свою поштову скриньку. he will socialize with his foreign partners from his place. він спілкуватиметься зі своїми іноземними партнерами прямо з дому. go to the Internet club! сходи до комп’ютерного клубу!	If I had the Internet at home, (but I don’t have it) Якби я мав Інтернет вдома, (але я не маю його) If I were you, (I am I) Якби я був на вашому місці, (але я-це я) If he were here, (but he is not here at the moment) Якби він був тут, (але зараз його немає)	I would read about all the news using the Usenet. я читав би про всі новини, використовуючи юзнет. I would buy the most expensive computer. я купив би найдорожчий комп’ютер. he would help us. він допоміг би нам.
P A S T	+V2/ed (-/? did)	+V2/ed (-/? did)	had V3/ed	would have V3/ed
If I had time, (I had time for this before) Якщо у мене був час, (Раніше у мене був на це час)	I played games in cyberspace. я грав у ігри у кіберпросторі.	If I had had the Internet two years ago, (But I didn’t have the Internet two years ago Якби я мав Інтернет 2 роки тому, (Але у мене не було Інтернету 2 роки тому	I would have found better job. and I didn’t find the desirable job) я знайшов би кращу роботу. і я не знайшов бажаної роботи)

Умовні речення трьох типів (Conditional sentences of three types)

Exercise1. Translate the following conditional sentences into Ukrainian:

1. Single robots are not effective, unless they are introduces within a robotized complex system.

2. Unless scientists have studied the principles of the functioning of the human brain, they will not been able to tackle the problem of artificial intellect.

3. Automation will not be used by production if it does not bring profit.

4. Provided we used the necessary instruments, the measurement will always be correct.

5. In forge and press shops robots feed blanks, measuring their temperature in passing, if this is required by the technology.

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