Agricultural policy of tsarism in Kazakhstan in the second half of Х1Х century

Th e agrarian policy concerning the lands occupied by Kazakhs, was carried out consistently and was directed on the statement of the legal and economic rights of the state on the earth. In "The provision on management of the Orenburg Kyrgyz" of June 14, 1844 it is already directly declared that "lands occupied by the Orenburg Kyrgyz consist under the authority of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Under "The provision on management in the Kazakh steppes" 1867 of the earth of Kazakhs already were completely recognized as state property, and it are provided to Kazakhs in public using. All lands were subdivided on the Lithuanian and wintering. "Provision" of 1891 brought together and unified all laws on land use and land tenure. There provisions already established in 1867 were fixed. However there was one note on which "the earth, able to appear surplus for nomads, arrive in maintaining the Ministry of state-owned properties. Thus, all conditions for withdrawal of lands at the Kazakh population were prepared.

then began resettlement of the people to the Kazakh lands. In Semirechye who was moving into since the 40th years of the XIX century by Cossacks, in the 60th years, at the initiative of governor of the region G. A.Kolpakovskogo placement of peasants "for edge russification" was authorized. 242 families of the Voronezh peasants became the first immigrants from the European part of Russia. Since 1868 for involvement of immigrants, in Semirechye provisional rules for country immigrants" on which privileges were provided to immigrants worked ": investment with the earth (30 dessiatinas on man's soul), the loan for acquisition by economy, release for 15 years from налогов.80 - 90 - its years of the XIX century Kazakhstan becomes one of the main areas of agricultural colonization of the Russian Empire.

53) The newspaper "Kazakh" and the Journal "Aikap in the history and culture of the Kazakh people.

The beginning of the XX century in Kazakhstan was marked by lifting of national consciousness of the people. National movement in the Kazakh society was non-uniform, there were its various currents the national intellectuals became which kernel.

The special place in the history of Kazakhstan of that period is taken by activity of the prominent politician, the scientist, publicist A.N. Bukeykhanova (1866-1937). A.N. Bukeykhanov nourished idea of creation of national democratic party, in political life he assigned an important part to the press. It was so decided to organize the national newspaper which would become a loud-hailer of national communication, revival of the people, understanding of the role. Orenburg was chosen as a place of the edition of the newspaper. The newspaper was called "Kazakh" (1913-1918), outstanding representatives of the national intellectuals were involved to work in edition. This is the poet, prose writer M. Dulatov (1885-1935), his first meeting of verses "Oyan, the Cossack" ("Waken, the Kazakh") left in 1909. The heading of the book became the manifesto to national oppressed people of the beginning of the XX century, not casually all its circulation was confiscated by the imperial authorities. The poet, the translator, the linguist, the teacher became the editor of the Kazakh newspaper And. Baytursynov.

Already called Kazakh newspaper and the Aykap magazine (1911-1915) was the spokesman of various ideological and political opinions and currents among the national intellectuals. "Kazakh" expressed ideas of the liberal and democratic direction, round it were consolidated A.Bukeykhanov, A.Baytursynov, M. Dulatov and others. M. Seralin was the publisher and the Aykap editor, in the magazine cooperated Z.Seydalin, B. Karatayev, S. M. Toraygyrov, S. Seyfullin, B. Maylin. That they expressed national ideas, interests of the Kazakh people in the conditions of its colonial situation united these editions.

55) Anti-colonial rebel of Kazakhs in Turgay and Ural regions in 1869. Rebellion of adai in Mangyshlak in 1870.

Fight Kazakh sharua against the feudal lords was especially long. From March to June, 1869 41 attacks on auls биев, sultans, volost managers, foremen were made. 3 000 people in total participated in them. Scope of revolt in Turgaysky and Ural areas disturbed local authorities and the central government. On revolt suppression large retaliatory groups were set to the steppe. In the Ural area groups of lieutenant colonel Rukin, count Komarovsky, group under team of governor general Verevkin operated, etc. Vsledst the Viy of weak organization, spontaneity, existence of disagreements between certain heads insurgents suffered defeat. And, of course, as well as in the previous performances шаруа, inconsistency and treachery temporarily taken part in revolt биев and foremen promoted rather fast suppression of revolt.

Revolt of peasants on the peninsula of Mangyshlak also was connected with introduction of Temporary situation in 1869 in the Ural and Turgaysky areas. The land question at adayevets with introduction of Situation rose even more остро6. Revolt on Mangistau (Mangyshlak) (1870): Rod Aday has to taxes 160t of rubles on 40т tilt carts. The Kazakh hired workers defended the rights. Revolt headed Dosan and Iza. Risen inflicted defeat over Rukin's group. The message about it became signals to large-scale actions. Battle with the Stamp – in the district Zhamansay (20т risen). Revolt was suppressed by governor Verevkin. Result: Адай had to pay contribution 90т rams. 3т families откочевали to the Khivan khanate. The cruel officer chastener is banished in Tobolsk губерню. The territory subordinated to the Caucasian namestnichestvo. Order of Minister of War Milyutin: "approximately to punish rebels".

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