Agricultural economics

Agricultural economics has been one of the leading branches of applied economics. In order to understand agricultural economics it is necessary to know how crops are sown, cultivated, fertilized, and harvested, how livestock are bred, raised and sold. One of the main characteristics of agricultural sector is great dependence on natural conditions, such as climate, weather, soil, etc. The productivity in agricultural sector is being raised as fast in economy as a whole. The main reasons for rising efficiency are: 1) better agricultural technology; 2) better capital inputs, such as machinery;3) achievements in the biological sciences. However there are two main factors limiting further rise of efficiency: increasing energy scarcity, and loss of topsoil, and water. Unlike incomes in most industries, farm incomes vary from year to year. They depend on water conditions and changes in demand and supply of most farm products. All these problems are considered by agricultural economics. In terms of technical changes, there have been increasingly rapid developments and innovations in the equipment designed for agricultural research. This equipment includes instruments for plant research, and monitoring soil conditions and atmospheres, allows us to think more analytically and make better decisions in the market place.

Задания к тексту III

1.Прочтите слова и словосочетания и запомните их значения: applied economics – прикладная экономика, fertilize – удобрять, livestock – с/х животные,to breed (bred) – разводить породы, to raise – выращивать, to dependence on – зависимость от, as a whole – в целом,capital inputs – капиталовложения, scarcity - дефицит, topsoil – верхний слой почвы, income – доход, demand and supply – спрос и предложение, to be considerd by – рассматриваться (кем/чем)., in terms of – (зд.) в рамках, rapid – быстрый, monitoring – комплексная система контроля и оценки, to make decision – принимать решение.

2.Определите значение следующих слов, не пользуясь словарём: characteristics, sector, climate, technology, machinery, factor, innovation.

Переведите текст со словарём.

4. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний: ведущая отрасль;для того, чтобы; так…как; возрастающая эффективность; в отличие от; сконструированный для.

5.Вставьте в предложения подходящие по смыслу слова: sold, consumers. employee

1. Firms … workers.

2. The goods are … at a high price.

3. Industry and agriculture provide goods for ….

TEXT IV

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