Economics and ecology

  Lead-in: Are you concerned about pollution and environment? Key words and phrases 1. natural environment – навколишнє середовище 2. consumption –споживання, витрачання 3. non-renewable resources –ресурси, що не підлягають відновлюванню 4. environmentally-conscious –той, що захищає навколишнє середовище 5. to prevent –запобігати, перешкоджати 6. to abolish environmental restrictions –знищувати природоохоронні обмеження 7. to strengthen restrictions –зміцнювати обмеження 8. to recycle –переробляти, використовувати повторно 9. taxes on sources of energy –податкі на джерела енергії  

In recent years ecologists have been very much concerned about the protection of the natural environment, about the consumption of non-renewable resources, the creation of waste, and the pollution of land, sea and air. After reading the following text discuss how ‘green’ or environmentally conscious you are. Answer the following questions with Yes (because…), No (because…), or It depends on….

1. Do you believe that governments should do more to prevent manufacturers polluting or damaging the environment?

2. Are you prepared to pay a higher price for products that you know are not dangerous for the environment?

3. Have you ever stopped using a product because you know that it is damaging for the environment?

4. Do you think environmental restrictions on industry should be abolished or relaxed because it leads to the creation of jobs?

5. Do you think environmental restrictions should be strengthened even if it leads to unemployment?

6. Do you make an effort to recycle these?

* paper

* aluminium drink cans

* batteries

* vegetable waste

* glass bottles

* plastic bottles

* anything else

7. Do you use public transport (or a bicycle) wherever possible?

8. Do you make an effort to use as little water and energy (electricity, heating, etc.) as possible?

9. Do you believe that there should be higher taxes on sources of energy?

Clichés and useful phrases

for annotations:

1. It is described in short…

2. It is shown that…

3. … is analysed.

4. …is examined.

5. Attention is drawn to…

6. Data are given about…

7. Attempts are made to analyse…

8. Attempts are made to formulate…

9. Conclusions are drawn…

10. Recommendations are given…

for abstracts:

1.The article (text) is head-lined…

2. The author of the article (text) is…

3. The main idea of the article (text) is…

The article is about…

The article deals with…

The article touches upon…

The article presents some results which illustrate...

4. The purpose of the article is to give the reader some information on…;

to compare…; to determine…

The aim of the article is to provide the reader with…

5. The author starts by telling the readers about (that)…

6. The author writes (states, stresses, thinks, points out) that…

The article describes…

According to the article (text)…

The article goes on to say that…

7. The article can be divided into 3 (4-5) parts.

The first part deals with…

The second part is about…

The third part touches upon…

8. In conclusion the article reads…

The author comes to the conclusion that…

9. I found the article (text) interesting (important, up-to-date, informative).

Ділова кореспонденція

BUSINESS WRITING
BUSINESS WRITING

LETTERS

A standard UK business letter has a particular layout, though there may be slight variations. The outline below is typical of a standard business letter. This letter accompanies a tourist information brochure.

ISLE OF SKYETOURIST INFORMATION CENTRE   14 Broadway Skye Scotland		Our ref.LB/SKI----------1   Your ref.SK 1406--------2
Ms L Haakinen--------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 19 Kante 1 Helsinki Finland
		17 May 2000--------------4
Dear Ms Haakinen ------------------------------------------------------------------------5 ‘Where to stay on Sky’ brochure-----------------------------------------------------6 Thank you for your letter of 10 May, asking for details of accommodation on the island.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 I have enclosed a copy of the ‘Where to stay on Skye’ brochure which contains information about the hotel and bed & breakfast accommodation. You can book the accommodation directly by using the address/telephone numbers in the brochure. Skye is a very beautiful place, and I hope you decide to spend some time discovering it for yourself. Yours sincerely ----------------------------------------------------------------------------8 Pete Sinclair ----------------------------------------------------------------------------9 Pete Sinclair Tourism Manager-------------------------------------------------------------------------10 enc. ‘Where to stay’ brochure----------------------------------------------------------11

COMMENTS

1. Sender’s address (not the name).

2. The company’s and the customer’s reference numbers.

3. Receiver’s address.

4. Date.

5. Salutations. When you know the name of the recipient, use Dear Mr/Mrs/Miss/ Ms Haakinen. In American English Mr., Mrs. and Ms. include a full stop, e.g. Mr. von Trotta. When you don’t know the name of the recipient:

Dear Sir or Madam (Br E)

Dear Sir or Madam: (Am E)

6. The subject summarises what the letter is about. In most cases it is more preferable to use the pronoun we when writing for your company. This is more formal than I.

7. The body of the letter should be clear and polite. Business letters are usually quite formal.

8. Ending. When your know the name of the recipient, write Yours sincerely.

When you don’t know the name of the recipient, write Yours faithfully.

In American English write Yours truly,

Sincerely,

9. Your signature. Sign the letter with both first and second names.

10. Your name and position. Print them under your signature.

11. Common abbreviations:

Re: regarding

pp (on behalf) when you sign the letter for another person

Enc(s). documents are enclosed with the letter

cc: copies (The names of the people who receive a copy are included in the letter.)

8Check yourself:

1. What is a layout of a typical business letter?

2. What are the salutations and the endings of your letters like when

a) you know the name of the person you are writing to

b) you don’t know the name of the person you are writing to?

3. What are the common abbreviations of business letters?

E-MAILS

E-mail, or electronic mail, sent over the Internet, is increasingly common. E-mails can have a formal business style or a very informal style, similar to spoken English.

This is an e-mail confirming that the two colleagues will discuss contracts at a trade fair.   From: Judith Mahon@Waltersed – ema.com   To: Marcel. Lieberman@Goldrickpub – ema.com   Date: Fri, 16 Jul 2000 10:56:45   Subject: Trade Fair   Thanks for the message. I’m looking forward to seeing you at the Hamburg trade fair next month. I’ll bring you the final contracts with me and we can discuss them over lunch.   Best wishes   Judith

COMMENTS

Information about the sender and the receiver appears at the top, so the writer does not use the traditional greetings. The style is much more informal than in letters, and can be quite casual. The ending is Best wishes rather than Yours sincerely.

The informal style is most suitable for e-mails within your company and for people you know well. Then the greeting is often Hi, Hello or even How are you? Sometimes the ending is omitted and people use abbreviations of words if they want to save time:

CU = see you

tkx = thanks

RUOK? = are you OK?

8Check yourself:

1. What is the style of e-mail?

2. What necessary information must it contain?

3. Do you know and use any typical abbreviations used in e-mail letters?

MEMO (MEMORANDA)

A memorandum (plural memoranda, abbreviation memo) is sent to people or whole departments inside the organization, never to a customer.

This is a memo warning staff that they may have problems with their computers.

	BLOGGS & BLOGGS MEMO
To:All staff   C.C.M.D.	From: Michael McGovern, I.T. Centre Subject: Computer Access
Date: 18 August 2000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------2 We will be upgrading the software installed on the network over the weekend. It is possible that you may have problems accessing your computer on Monday morning. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 If this is the case, please do one of the following: · Press the restart key when the ‘access denied’ message comes up. · Phone extension 2291 for help from a technician. ----------------------------------4 We are doing everything we can to make sure things go smoothly, and will be glad to help if you have any problems.   MM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

COMMENTS

1. Memos should include the following headings: To/From/Date/Subject.

2. No greeting (such as Dear …).

3. They should be short and include only useful information.

4. Points should be arranged in logical order. It is normal to use bullet points or to number different points.

5. You can end with your initials or a signature, not your full name.

8Check yourself:

1. Is memo used for internal or external communication?

2. What are the main headings of a memo?

3. How should you end your memo?

CURRICULUM VITAE (CV)

Your CV should be: * word-processed

* laser printed on good quality paper

* no longer than two pages of A4 paper

You should include:

Personal details. The employer wants to know who you are and how to contact you (essential information only).

Profile.

Achievements. If you do not have a lot of work experience, this section will show your potential.

Skills. Be positive about your ability – never underestimate your experience.

Work experience. Don’t describe the job – stress what you achieved and what you learnt.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14