According to the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology, gynecology residencies last four years.

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My name is Elena Annenkova, I’ve graduated from the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University this year and now I’m the first-year resident of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology with Course of Per i natology of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia.

Today I would like to talk to you about, perhaps, the world’s oldest profession – obstetrics and gynecology.

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I’ve divided my talk into 4 parts. In the first part I give a historical review. In the next part I will try to explain hot to become an ObGyn here and abroad. Part 3 is my own experience in the field of laparoscopy. And in the last part I would like to tell a couple phrases about innovations.

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There is no doubt, that all of you know perfectly well the etymology of the term “gynecology”:

from the Greek γυνή́, γυναικός "woman" and λόγος, "study." But is there anyone who ever wondered what “obstetrics” means? The word “obstetrics” stems from the Latin “obstare” meaning literally “to stand in front of”, because the attendant stood in front of the woman to receive the baby.

The word “obstetrics” is inextr i cably linked with the word “m i dwifery”. Only in the 20th century “m i dwifery” was changed to “obstetrics”, perhaps because a Latin name seemed more academic than the Anglo-Saxon, derived from mid, “with”, and wyf, “woman”.

Another term – “accoucheur” from Old French culcher "to lie down" was caught-on in our country.

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Many ancient myths and legends are associated with obstetrics and gynecology. The birth of many heroes and gods are related to the “unnatural” form of birth by cesarean section. This is because the outcome of cesarean section was so poor in ancient and medieval times that if a newborn sustained the operation, it was believed that the gods must have intended an outstanding future for this person.

Here you can see Hera, wife of Zeus. Her chief function was as the goddess of women, marriage and childbirth.

Midwives are referred to in The Bible, The Hebrew Midwives Shifrah and Puah answered to the call of God, instead of abiding by the law of the Pharaoh to kill all firstborn males, and bravely saved them. Some have speculated that Mary The Holy Mother, was attended by a midwife (whose name remains lost to time) when she gave birth to her divine son Jesus the Christ.

The writings of Hippocrates in the fifth century BC include a description of normal birth.

As Aristotles said: "A midwife should have a lady's hands, a hawk's eyes and a lion's heart".

Soranus of Ephesus (AD 98–138) described antenatal care, labour. He advised that during labour a woman should be nursed in bed until delivery was imminent, and then moved to the birthing chair, when the midwife would sit opposite her to receive the baby on to papyrus or cloth.

The first caesarean section of modern times is attributed to Jacob Nufer, who in 1500 gained permission to operate on his wife after she had been in labour for several days. The name “caesarean” is probably derived, not from Julius Caesar, but from the Latin caedere, to cut. The Extraction of Asclepius from the abdomen of his mother by his father.

It was not until the 17th century that “accoucheurs” (male midwives) became fashionable in France. The best known of the French accoucheurs was Francois Mauriceau (1637–1709).

Man-midwifery” reached Britain in the 17th century but remained less fashionable than in France. The most famous practitioners in this country were the Chamberlen family. It was probably Peter who developed the obstetric forceps which famously remained the Chamberlens' family secret for the best part of a century.

Gynecology in the 19th century was a new and separate, rapidly-developing discipline from obstetrics, which remained the domain of midwives.

1898 – a charismatic surgeon Ernst Wertheim performed the first radical abdominal hysterectomy for cervical cancer.

In the 20th century, obstetrics developed chiefly in the areas of fertility control and the promotion of healthy births. Beginning with the development of hormonal contraceptive pills obstetrician-gynecologists have become responsible for regulating women’s fertility. With the development of amniocentesis, ultrasound, and other methods for the prenatal diagnosis of birth defects, obstetrician-gynecologists have been able to abort defective fetuses. At the same time, new methods for artificially implanting fertilized embryos within the uterus have enabled obstetrician-gynecologists to help previously infertile couples to have children.

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Thus an obstetrician-gynecologist (ob-gyn) is a fully qualified doctor who has received additional specialized training after medical school. This training focuses on the care of pregnant women and childbirth (obstetrics) and the female reproductive system (gynecology).

Most doctors choose to specialize either in obstetrics or gynecology.

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Preparation at school - to study profoundly biology, chemistry and physics.

Specialized medical lyceum. Medical university. After the university there are 2 ways to choose from: either internship or residency. Those who chose Ob and Gyn after the residency will obtain license. For further training you can choose postgraduate trainings.

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Do I Want to Be an OBGYN Doctor?

OBGYN doctors generally spend some of their work hours in an office setting and some of their hours in a hospital. As a result, schedules may be irregular and can include late nights, early morning hours, and weekends, depending on the needs of their patients. The job can be highly rewarding and stressful.

Step 1: Earn a Bachelor's Degree

Prepare for the MCAT, The Medical College Admission Test. The exam includes questions on physical and biological science and tests students' verbal reasoning and cognitive abilities.

Step 2: Obtain a Medical Degree

A medical school program generally lasts four years. In the first two years of most programs, students take courses in cells and tissues, immunology, infectious diseases and the reproductive system, among other subjects. During the second two years, students complete a series of clinical rotations, working with patients under the supervision of licensed physicians in various areas of practice, including obstetrics and gynecology.

Some states require that residents take parts of the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) prior to beginning a residency. According to the USMLE website, most students take part one of the exam at the end of the second year of medical school and part two at the end of the fourth year of medical school, prior to beginning the residency.

Step 3: Complete a Residency

According to the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology, gynecology residencies last four years.

Step 4: Obtain a License

All medical doctors must be licensed by their state medical boards in order to practice. The licensing process generally involves taking the USMLE and submitting proof of education and training.

Step 5: Become Board-Certified

Many obstetrician-gynecologists become certified by the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ABOG). Applicants must submit proof of experience and pass both a written and an oral exam.

Step 6: Complete a Fellowship

Further training in obstetrics and gynecology is available through three-year fellowship programs. Fellowship programs provide doctors an opportunity to further specialize in subsp e cialities. Fellows must already have completed a residency, be ABOG-certified and hold a valid medical license.

Step 7: Keep Current in Continuing Education

All physicians must take a certain number of continuing education units periodically to maintain their licenses.

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A couple of recommendations for those who want to become an ObGyn.

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Boarded Subspecialties of OB GYN

Apart from the basic speciality one can choose from 4 main boarded subspecialities of obstetrics and gynecology.

Gynecologic oncology – typically 3 years in length but some programs have 4 years. Learn to manage and treat cancers of the reproductive system – surgery, chemotherapy, and palliative care.

Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery - typically 2 to 3 years in length. Treat disorders of the genitourinary system – surgery, cystoscopy.

Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility - typically 3 years in length. Treat hormonal and infertility problems – laparoscopic surgery and IVF.

Maternal-Fetal Medicine - typically 3 years in length. Treat routine and high-risk obstetrical cases – obstetric ultrasonography and fetal procedures.

Other non-boarded subspecialities include genetics, laparoscopy, family planning, pediatric gynecology.

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How Happy Are Obstetrician/Gynecologists With Their Lives Outside of Work?

According to a 2006 report from the Pew Research Center. Medscape asked US physicians how happy they were with their lives outside of medicine and to rate their level of happiness on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being the least happy and 5 being the happiest.

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As you can see neurologists are in the worst situation compare to gynecologists. They are not as overwhelmingly happy as rheumatologists but on the cheerful side.

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The I nternational Centre for Endoscopic Surgery (CICE) in France.

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