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Civil war on the territory of Kazakhstan (1918-1920)

History of Kazakhstan as a science. The purpose and objectives of the study. | Ethno political history of Usuns in written sources. | Political parties and movements in Kazakhstan in the early twentieth century. | Anti colonial struggle in Inner Horde under the leadership of I. Taimanov and M. Utemisov. | Policy of Khiva and Kokand toward the Kazakhs in the first half of Х1Х century | Abai Kunanbaev in the history and culture of the Kazakh people. | Oral tradition and literature in the ХIХ century. | People deportation to Kazakhstan- the crime of totalitarianism. | Socio-demographical processes in Kazakhstan in 50-80-y. of XX century | First Kazakh President- N.A. Nazarbayev (political portrait.) |


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The Civil War between the Bolshevik Soviet (Reds) and the forces of the former Provisional Government and other anti-Bolsheviks (Whites) lasted for two years from 1918 to 1920. The first opponents of Bolshevik 's regime become the Cossacks. Generals Michael Alekseyev (1957-1918), Lavr Kornilov (1870- 1918) assumed the command of the Don Cossack forces, Alexsander Dutov (1879-1921) assumed the Orenburg Cossack Army.

A conference in Ufa tried to unify anti-Bolshevik forces in Siberia in September, 1917, but within two months one faction had arrested the other and control fell to one Admiral A.Kolchak (1874-1920) - supreme ruler of the counter-revolutionary anti-communist White forces during the Russian Civil War. With this move the Kolchak forces alienated the Czechs and provoked anti-Bolshevik SRs to declare a two-front struggle against Reds and Whites alike.

The White Army—was supported by the Allied forces from countries such as Japan, the United Kingdom, France, Italy and the United States.

The main result of civil war was Essence of Policy of “War communism”. The results were catastrophic. Industrial production by 1920 was 20 percent of the pre-war volume. Gross agricultural output fell from more than 69 million tons in the period of 1909-1913 to less than 31 million in 1921. Sown area dropped from over 224 million acres in the period of 1909-1913 to less than 158 million in 1921. From 1917 to 1922 the population declined by 16 million, not counting war deaths and emigration. Eight million persons left the towns for the villages from 1918 to 1920.

 

5 9) The collectivization of agriculture - the tragedy of the peasants in Kazakhstan

In December, 1927 the XV congress of VKP known as congress of collectivization (would) take place. According to its decisions, for short terms, to spring of 1932 the agricultural industry of the country had to will turn from individual into the collective and collective-farm. Collectivization was carried out by the violent methods forced by rates without features of life of indigenous people.

Directly collectivization in Kazakhstan began in 1929. If in 1928 in Kazakhstan 2% of all farms, for April 1, 1930 – 50,5%, and by October, 1931 – about 65% were collectivized. A number of areas blocked even these "shock" rates; for example, in Uralsk, Petropavlovsk districts 7% of farms were collectivized. To an early autumn of 1931 in the republic 78 areas (from 122) where collectivization captured 70-100% of yards were. Violent subsidence of cattle-farmers – nomads and the semi-nomads, carried out in the years of collectivization became tragic for Kazakhs. As a result all these actions led to the tragedy of hunger of 1930-1933, losses from it made about 2,1 million inhabitants of the republic.

The tragedy of collectivization scattered Kazakhs on a number of the countries of the world, for example, in China nowadays they are lived by 1.070 thousand, in Mongolia – 137 thousand, in Turkey – 120 thousand.

 

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