Ethno political history of Usuns in written sources.

Usuni's state.

In ІІІ century BC in the territory of Kazakhstan the leading role was played by the breeding unions – uisuns, kangyus.

At the end of the first millennium BC in Semirechye's territory, Tien Shan and Tarbagataya there is a state known from the Chinese sources as "Country Usun". Usuni lived originally in the river Denkhe area, but in the III century B.C. under the pressure of tribes юечжи were compelled откочевать to Mongolia, and after a number of the defeats inflicted by it хуннами, – in Semirechye and Dzungaria. Here усуни, having recognized dependence from хуннов, founded in 177 B.C. own state which has united descendants of saksky tribes of Semirechya, East Kazakhstan and Dzungaria. In 53 g BC Usun broke up to two parts. The Iliysky valley in Semirechye was the center of usunsky possession, and the rate was in to Chiguchen (. Red valley) on the bank of the lake Issyk – the Sack. Usuni – ethnocultural successors of juice. Political system. In the head of state there was a governor carrying the title "Gunmo" (great бек), a descending throne. Ancestors and the small breeding leaders who were called by baddies (small куньбек) submitted to it. Except Great and small гуньмо there were eight more categories of officials. In 425 усуни sent to China embassy, and in 436 accept reciprocal embassy of the empire Wei. After that усуни annually sent to China ambassadors with gifts. At the beginning of the V century the name usuny finally descends from pages of historical chronicles. Остоется to add that etnony "Usun" remained and to this day. One families of the Senior dzhuz Kazakhs are called "Usun".

9) Usuns: archaeological sites, settlements and facilities

Usuni's state.

In ІІІ century BC in the territory of Kazakhstan the leading role was played by the breeding unions – uisuns, kangyus.

At the end of the first millennium BC in Semirechye's territory, Tien Shan and Tarbagataya there is a state known from the Chinese sources as "Country Usun". Usuni lived originally in the river Denkhe area, but in the III century B.C. under the pressure of tribes юечжи were compelled откочевать to Mongolia, and after a number of the defeats inflicted by it хуннами, – in Semirechye and Dzungaria. Here усуни, having recognized dependence from хуннов, founded in 177 B.C. own state which has united descendants of saksky tribes of Semirechya, East Kazakhstan and Dzungaria. In 53 g BC Usun broke up to two parts. The Iliysky valley in Semirechye was the center of usunsky possession, and the rate was in to Chiguchen (. Red valley) on the bank of the lake Issyk – the Sack. Usuni – ethnocultural successors of juice. Political system. In the head of state there was a governor carrying the title "Gunmo" (great бек), a descending throne. Ancestors and the small breeding leaders who were called by baddies (small куньбек) submitted to it. Except Great and small гуньмо there were eight more categories of officials. In 425 усуни sent to China embassy, and in 436 accept reciprocal embassy of the empire Wei. After that усуни annually sent to China ambassadors with gifts. At the beginning of the V century the name usuny finally descends from pages of historical chronicles. Остоется to add that etnony "Usun" remained and to this day. One families of the Senior dzhuz Kazakhs are called "Usun".

11) Kangüy: archaeological sites, settlements and facilities.

State Kanguy.

To the west from usuny, in valleys of Talas, Syr-Darya and the Central Kazakhstan, numerous tribes of kangyuyets (канглы) lived. Chinese called these lands "the country Kantszyuy (кангюй)". Given to the etnony it is known since very old times. So, in the sacred book of Zoroastrism to "Avesta" there are mentions of an arrangement in steppes of Kazakhstan of the Kangkh's hostile to ancient Iranians fortress. Indians also speak about the people "kanka" living to the North from Aryans together with juice and тохарами. It means that, etnony "кангюй" existed in the VI century BC. The state Kangyuy arose in the III century BC on the average the Syr-Darya Current, around Kangkhi. At the head of this state there was Usyn's occurring from East the family – the saksky people юечжи. Sources very poorly shine history of kanguy. The state the tsar carrying the title "bi" and "yabgu" operated. Besides, the state machinery included "deputy" tsar and three advisers.

Economy usuny and kangyu. Occupation and канглов the nomadic cattle breeding was usuny. Meat and milk was the main food. Their main wealth was cattle. They bred horses, sheep, camels. Also they knew agriculture.

Usuni and канглы did not leave after itself written sources. Their culture and life are studied only on the basis of archaeological monuments and written Chinese sources.

13) State of nomadic Uzbeks.: origins, ethnopolitical history

The Nomadic Uzbeg State or Khanate of Abulkhair (1428-1468).

Following the decline of the Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde, a smaller state, the Uzbek Khanate, emerged in south-central Kazakhstan in the early 15^th century. In 1428 the tribes Kiyats, Mangyts, Durmens, Kushchis, Naimans, Kungrats and others, generally about 200 clans and tribes proclaimed Abulkhair as their Khan in the Toura city. Masud Bin Kuhistani - the author of "Tarikhi Abulkhair Khani" - the main source of the Nomadic Uzbegs State reported about Abulkhair. Abu'l-Khayr was born in 1412. He was a descendant of Genghis Khan, through Jöchi's fifth son Shiban. In 1428, Abu'l-Khayr began consolidating various nomadic groups of the old Shaybani ulus in the area around Tyumen and the Tura River. He killed Kazhy-Mohammed, the Khan of the Khanate of Sibir, after a battle on the Tobol River. After which he was proclaimed Khan of Western Siberia. The next four years were spent strengthening his control throughout the region.

15) Medieval towns and villages of Kazakhstan (VI-VIII centuries).

The territory of Kazakhstan was populated in an extreme antiquity about what tell the found traces of parking of the primitive person at archeological excavations in a valley of the river of Bukhtarma and vicinities of Semipalatinsk in the east of Kazakhstan, in the Bayanaulsky region of the Pavlodar region, in Karatau's mountains, near Taraz. All these parking belong to the Stone Age which came in stead ice age and lasted nearly 100 thousand years. The new Stone Age (neolith) came to change to a paleolith. In Kazakhstan more than two hundred neolytic parking when there is an agriculture, cattle breeding are known, people create hunting tools that facilitates livelihood production, hunting on animals. Parking of the person of times of a neolith are found almost in all regions of the republic.(Esik, Besshatyr, Ust’-narym, Shebir). At the end of a bronze age, in the first millennium B.C. the population of Kazakhstan passes to a nomadic conduct of life. At this time there are breeding unions, decomposition of a primitive-communal system begins. Data on tribes and the breeding unions living in the territory of Kazakhstan, belong to the middle of the first millennium B.C (Kokmardan, Kauynshy,). In drevnepersidsky sources they were called саки, they occupied the territory of modern Semirechya and the basin of Syr-Darya, in the northwest of Kazakhstan there lived tribes савроматы, on east coast of the Caspian Sea tribes the Caspian Sea. In the first half of the first millennium of a new era the primitive system of these places fell into decay, and on change to it in the region since the VI century there are feudal relations which over one and a half thousand years proceeded in the region. The special place in development of the region belongs to "A great silk way" which passed through the region of Kazakhstan and connected China with Byzantium. Many cities arose on a northern way of a route in a river basin of Syr-Darya. Here some cities which have arisen on this route: Otrar, Ispidzhb, Syutkent, Sygnak, Sarayshyk.

17) Western Turkic Khaganate: sources and history of the study

The Western khans Shekuei and Tung Yabğu (d. 628) constructed an alliance with the Byzantine Empire against the Persian Sassanids and succeeded in restoring the southern borders. Their capital was Suyab in the Chui River valley, about 60 km east of modern Tokmok. In 627 Tung Yabğu, assisted by the Khazars, launched a massive invasion of Transcaucasia which culminated in the taking of Derbent and Tbilisi. In April, 630, Tung's deputy Buri-sad sent the Göktürk cavalry to invade Armenia, where his general Chorpan Tarkhan succeeded in routing a large Persian force. Tung Yabğu's murder in 630 forced the Göktürks to evacuate Transcaucasia.

The Western Turkic Khaganate. In April, 630, Tung's deputy Buri-sad sent the Göktürk cavalry to invade Armenia, where his general Chorpan Tarkhan succeeded in routing a large Persian force. Tung Yabğu's murder in 630 forced the Göktürks to evacuate Transcaucasia. The Western Turkic Khaganate was modernized through an administrative reform of Ishbara-Qağan (reigned 634-639) and came to be known as the Onoq. The name refers to "ten arrows" that were granted by the khagan to five leaders (shads) of its two constituent tribal confederations, Tulu and Nushipi, whose lands were divided by the Chui River.

19) The formation of the Kazakh Khanate: sources and history of the study.

Around 1465, two Uzbeks, Janibek and Kirai, led an estimated 200,000 followers into the region between the Chu and Talas rivers in southeastern Kazakhstan, where they staked territorial claims in defiance of the current Uzbek leadership. The followers of Janibek and Kirai became known as Kazakhs, a term that likely referred to their independent, nomadic ways, in contrast to those of the Uzbeks, who practiced a more settled, agricultural lifestyle.

The descendents of the Mongol, Turkic, and various other peoples who had roamed or occupied the region over the centuries. The sultans led their people toward Mogolistan, eventually settleing and founding an independenent state. The new Khanate soon became a buffer state between the Mongolians and the Khanate of Abulkhair.

The early years of the Kazakh Khanate were marked by struggles for control of the steppe against the Uzbek leader Muhammad Shaybani. In 1470, the Kazakhs defeated Muhammad Shaybani at Turkestan, forcing the Uzbeks to retreat south to Samarkand and Bukhara.

The social structure of Kazakh society. The social structure of Kazakh society in the medieval period was based on two main principles. One of them is that all Kazakh clans and tribes entered into three associations namely the Great Horde (Ulu Zhuz, southern region), the Middle Horde (Orta Zhuz, central, east, north region), and the Little Horde (Kishi Zhuz, west region).

21) The Karakhanid state: sources and history of the study, economy, and culture

After defeat of the Uigur khaganate in 840, the native of a noble family Edgish who made part of a tribe chigily, karluksky yabgu and the governor of Isfidzhab Bilge-Kyul who had the nickname "Penalty" ("Black" - A.B.) openly declared the rights to the sovereign power and accepted the title "kagan". Probably, the sort Karakhanidov from this point originates. At sons Bilge-Kyulya Kadyr Arslan hana's "Penalty" (840 - 893) ("Arslan" - a lion - toty chigily) - Bazira Arslan hane (893 - 920) and Ogulchaka Arslan-kagan (893 - 940) - attacks on Maverannakhr's territory are resumed. By this time in Maverannakhra house strengthening Samanidov begins. In this regard in 893 the campaign on Semirechye as a result of whom the cities of Isfidzhabs and Taraz were taken was undertaken. After a long siege of the city fell, and the population was forcibly turned into Islam.

Karakhanida and Islam. In 920 yabgu a tribe from yagma was Satu and it accepts Islam - as the state belief.. In 932 it accepts Islam. At the son and Satuk's successor (Abd is scarlet - Karim) Bogra-kagana (920 - 955) ("Bogra" - a camel - a toty tribe ягма) Musa ibn Abd is scarlet - Karim Bogra hana (956 - 958) in a khaganate "Islamization" began.

23) State of Oguz: ethnopolitical history, economy, and culture.

Ethnic structure. Oguza participated in ethnogenesis of the modern Turkic people, such as Turks, Azerbaijanians, Turkmens and Gagauz. Penetration огузов (сельджуков) in the XI—XIII centuries to East Transcaucasia and the North Western Iran gradually led to a tyurkization of considerable part of local population that began formation of a Turkic Azerbaijani nationality. Descendants огузов were included, to some extent, into structure practically all modern Turkic people. Some researchers remove "Oguza" from "ok" — that "arrow" (and also "tribe") and "bonds" — a plurality suffix means. That is — "arrows, a set of arrows". Others form the word from "joint stock company" — "white" in value noble and "bonds" — ancient concept, probably, in transfer meaning "person" or "people" and often duplicating concept "ir" or "er", that is "person", the "man", used at various Turkic tribes independently or in combination with in other words. Oguzs were created in Priaralsky steppes as a result of mixture тюркютов with local Ugrian and Sarmatian tribes. In the first half X centuries огузы lived in steppes of Syr-Darya and in the cities of Karadzhuks (nowadays page Karachik Turkestan), Farab) and to Sauries. According to geographers Istakhri, Ibn-Havkal and a source of "Hudud-al-alem", the oguzsky territory extended from the Caspian Sea in the West and the cities of Urgench in the south to Bukhara in Maverannakhra and the cities of Sabrans in the east. To the historical arena oguzs came as east vassals of the Hazaria khaganate. Replacement печенегов from the Western Kazakhstan to the Don steppes at the end of the VIII century became the first them "historical act". This part огузов became known in Russia under the name Torquay. In the XI century they were disturbed by half-sheep and forced to migrate after печенегами. According to "The story of temporary years", integrated forces of the Russian princes in 1060 struck to graters a crushing blow. Destiny of these огузов it was short-lived as they had to merge partially with печенегами as a part of the gagauzsky people, partially to pass under the power of Russia and to merge with русичами in Porosye.

In the X-th century other part of oguz migrates on the southeast where they accept Islam and are employed on military service to local governors Samanidam and Karakhanidam, however, having used weakening of these states, lift mutinies and form the states Gaznevidov (with the center in Afghanistan) and сельджуков (with the center in Turkmenistan). Seldzhukida, having taken practically all Middle East, appear the most viable, having laid the foundation for statehood of modern Turkey.

Social fabric. Yabgu ́ — a title of the governor. The power was descended. Elections ябгу were held on councils which were continuation of people's assemblies of an era of military democracy.

Inala — successors of a throne, brought up them atabek. Syubasha ́ — the chief representative of army.

Basis of a property inequality in oguzsky society — private ownership on cattle. The main religion — Islam.

25) Kazakhstan as a part of the Mongol Empire and Genghis Khan ulus.

What ethno-political structures were represented on the political map of Central Asia before the Mongolian invasion? According to numerous writing sources in the XII-the beginning of the XIII-centuries territory of Kazakhstan was occupied by a lot of unions of Turkic speaking tribes-of the Qipchaq, Kangly (Qanglis), Karluks, Naimans. And also there were two empires on the territory of Central Asia – the Kara Khitai Empire and The Khwarezmid Empire.

Kazakhstan was as a part of the Mongol Empire when to the throne came Genghis Khan. During the Khuriltai of 1206, Chingis Khan decreed the structure and laws for his new Empire. To ensure stability and cooperation between people of the tribes that he united, installed a military superstructure to integrate all the peoples of his Empire. A Mongol army, under Jochi with 25,000 to 30,000 men, attacked the Shah's army in southern Khwarezmia and prevented the much larger forces of the Shah from forcing them into the mountains. The primary Mongol army, headed personally by Genghis Khan, reached the city of Otrar in the fall of 1219. After besieging Otrar for five months, the Khan's forces managed to storm the main part of the city by entering a sally port gate that was not secured.

So, the territory of Kazakhstan entered the structure of three Mongolian uluses: the most part of the north of Kazakh steppe and the areas from the upper reaches of the Irtysh to Alakul lake and to the West to Or and Syr Darya rivers entered in Juji¢s ulus. Southern and Southeast Kazakhstan entered in Chaghatai¢s ulus. Northeast Kazakhstan was a part of Ugedei¢s ulus, which included the territory of Western Mongolia, the area of the Upper Irtysh and Tarbagatai. After Genghis Khan's death, his sons continued the legacy and expanded the greater Mongol Empire's boundaries. Northern parts of the Southeast Asian region, India, the Middle East, Siberia, Russian, and Eastern Europe as far as Hungary and Poland, have all felt the influence of the Mongols in one shape or form.

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