Unit 12 Revision

1) Explain the necessity of using italicized articles, linking words, and pronouns in the following passage

Global warming has become perhaps 1) the most complicated issue facing world leaders. 2)On the one hand, warnings from 3)the scientific community are becoming louder, as 4) an increasing body of science points to rising dangers from 5) the ongoing buildup of human-related greenhouse gases — produced mainly by 6) the burning of fossil fuels and forests. 7) On the other, 8) the technological, economic 9) and political issues 10)that have to be resolved before 11) a concerted worldwide effort to reduce emissions can begin have gotten no simpler, particularly in 12) the face of 13) a global economic slowdown. Global talks on climate change opened in Cancún, Mexico, in late 2010 with 14) the toughest issues unresolved, 15) and 16) the conference produced modest agreements. 17) But 18) while the measures adopted in Cancún are likely to have scant near-term impact on 19) the warming of 20) the planet, 21) the international process for dealing with 22) the issue got 23) a significant vote of confidence. 24) The agreement fell well short of 25) the broad changes scientists say are needed to avoid dangerous climate change in coming decades. But it laid 26) the groundwork for stronger measures in 27) the future, if nations are able to overcome 28) the emotional arguments 29) that have crippled climate change negotiations in recent years.

2) Fill in the gaps with the correct articles, linking words, and pronouns

Computer science began to be established as 1) …………… distinct academic discipline in 2) ………….. 1950s and early 1960s. 3) …………… aim is more on understanding 4) …………… properties of the programs used to implement software such as games and web-browsers, and using 5)…………… understanding to create new programs or improve existing ones.

6) …………… mechanical examples of computers have existed through much of recorded human history, the first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20^th century (1940–1945). 7) ………….. were the size of 8) ………….. large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers. Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy 9) ………….. fraction of 10) ………….. space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into small pocket devices, and can be powered by 11) ………….. small battery. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of 12) ………….. Information Age and are what most people think of as “computers”. 13) ………….., the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players and toys to industrial robots are 14) ………….. most numerous. 15) ………….., the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. 16) …………… very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to 17) …………… Internet to communicate and receive information. “Wireless” networking often utilizing mobile phone networks. 18) ………….. has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments.

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