Language practice and comprehension check. A) Consult a dictionary to find the meanings of the following words and word combinations:

TASK I

a) Consult a dictionary to find the meanings of the following words and word combinations:

concurrent adj.

confine to v.

intent n.

comply with v.

aggrandize v., aggrandizement n.

anticipate v.

enact v.

focus on v.

discern v.

b) Use the above words and word combinations in the sentences that follow:

1. He is serving two … prison services.

2. He is willing to tell lies and break promises for his own personal ….

3. The police cadet’s duties were … to taking statements from women and children.

4. We … meeting a certain amount of resistance to our plan.

5. The court has to decide if he entered the building with … to steal.

6. The factory was closed for failing to comply to … with government safety regulations.

7. Several bill were … at the end of this session of Parliament.

8. It was difficult to … which of them was telling the truth.

9. Today we are going to … on the question of homeless people.

TASK II

a) Provide synonyms to the following words. Use a dictionary if necessary.

consciously

cumbersomeness

to encounter

explicit

flaw

to envision

to reinstate

authority

presumptively

aggrandize

endeavor

insure

enactment

to negate

b) Provide antonyms to the following words.

inappropriate

disapproval

intentionally

avoidable

to reinstate

TASK III Consult the text to define the following notions. Use reference books if necessary.

legislative veto

institutionalized presidency

delegated powers

ultimate authority

constitutional authorization

item veto

qualified veto power

appropriation bills

the principle of checks and balances

TASK IV Find the sentences in the text with the word” government.” Explain the difference in its usage in American English and British English.

TASK V

a) Use the given modal verbs to express duty and obligation in the sentences below.

Should, must, ought to, to be+ infinitive

1. The legislative veto … be seen as the product of changes in the presidency.

2. The hydraulic pressure inherent within each of the separate branches to exceed the outer limits of its power … be resisted.

3. The veto has been a means of defense, a reservation of ultimate authority necessary if Congress … to fulfill its designed role under Article I as the nation’s lawmaker.

4. The intent of the framers … be addressed at every stage of the studies in constitutional law.

5. The wisdom of the framers … to anticipate that the nation would grow and new problems of governance would require different solutions.

6. The President … either veto or approve the package as a whole.

7. The Congress … rely on the legislative veto as the most effective if not the only means to ensure their role as the national legislator.

b) Explain the difference in the way of expressing necessity, obligation and duty. Make up your own sentences to illustrate it.

TASK VI Change the following sentences using the link-words from the list given below. The meaning should stay the same.

Since, thereby, as, although, that, rather than, because, thus

1. The burdens we discern as having been made in the constitutional convention impose burdens on governmental process which often seems clumsy, inefficient, even unworkable.

2. The Framers had not debated a legislative veto power because it made little sense that Congress should negate legislation it had already initiated as the legislative branch.

3. Congress, by concurrent resolution not subject to presidential veto, can therefore veto executive decisions.

4. Even though they are not hermetically sealed from one another, the powers delegated to the three branches are functionally identifiable.

5. While the modern institutionalized presidency expanded, the legislative process diverged from Framers plan.

6. An item veto would enable the President to reject specific items and not veto the bill entirely.

7. This makes it difficult for the president to discharge the responsibility vested in him by the Framers as a president cannot consider the individual items of the appropriations separately.

TASK VII Analyze the following pairs of words, whether their meanings are: a) similar; b) opposite; c) complementing one another

Provisional or conditional authority, cumbersomeness and delays, programs or activities, issues and contingencies.

TASK VIII Make the list of arguments for and against the legislative veto as they appear in the text.

TASK IX Comment on the following statements:

1. The Framers offered their country an experiment in republican government.

2. The legislative veto is a product of changes in presidency.

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