Challenging Vocabulary. sponsor v. to introduce a proposal

sponsor v. to introduce a proposal

receipts (pl) n. money that a business bank or government receives.

TASK III Match the words with their definitions. Make up true or false statements on the text using the words.

1. agreement n. a. to limit smth.

2. proliferate v. b. in agreement with smth.

3. endorse v. 3.endorse v. c. money that a business bank or government receives.

4. monitor v 4.monitor v. d. to state clearly and firmly that smth. must be done or how it must be done.

5. conspicuous adj. e. the use of power, a skill, a quality or a right to make smth. happen.

6. reciprocal adj f. to say publicly that you support a person, statement or course of action.

7. variety n. 7.variety n. g. easy to see or notice; likely to attract attention.

8. deal n. h. several different sorts of the same thing.

9. pledge v. i. to introduce the proposal.

10. stipulate v. j. an agreement, especially in business.

11. sponsor v. k. to watch and check smth. over a period of time in

order to see how it develops so that you can make

any necessary changes.

12. consistent adj l. involving two people or groups who agree to help

each other or behave in the same way to each

other.

13.receipts n. m. to formally promise to give or do smth.

14. exercise n. n. an arrangement or promise of action, such

as one made between people, groups, businesses or countries.

15.restrict v. o. a clear difference or contrast.

16. distinction n. p. to increase rapidly in number or amount.

TASK IV Fill in the correct word in the appropriate grammar form. Use the lists of the active and challenging vocabulary.

1. Books and articles on the subject … … over the last year.

2. There is a wide … of patterns to choose from.

3. Such a decision was a legitimate … of the committee’s authority.

4 The bank’s … have increased since last year.

5. Members of all parties … a ban on land mines.

6. The amendment … … by a Democrat.

7. We … the enemy’s radio broadcasts for political information.

8. The government … their support for the plan.

9. They were hoping for a better pay ….

10. The event was a … success.

11. We … the number to 10.

12. A delivery date … … in the contract.

13. The results are entirely... with our earlier research.

14. The … was signed during a meeting at the UN.

15. They approved of a … trade agreement between the countries.

TASK V Add at least three nouns to each of the following words to form word combinations.

Executive adj., sponsor v., restrict v., endorse v., monitor v., reciprocal adj., pledge v., stipulate v., enact v.

TASK VI Change the form of the words by adding negative prefixes.

Proliferation, significant, directly, restricted, conspicuous, authorized, militarize, official adj., legal, constitutional, consistent.

TASK VII a) Match the words on the left with their synonyms on the right. Make up sentences or word combinations with them.

1. agent	a. to vow
2. to endorse	b. to sanction
3. to authorize	c. to control
4. to monitor	d. to provide
5. to pledge	e. according to
6. to stipulate	f. to approve
7. pursuant to	g. representative

b) Match the words on the left with their antonyms on the right.

Make up sentences or word combinations with them.

1. conspicuous a. to sever

2. to authorize b. illegal

3. to end c. emigration

4. war d. to prohibit

5. immigration e. unimportant

6. legal f. to initiate

7. important g. peace

8. to conclude h. neutral

TASK VIII Make up sentences with the following words and phrases using the text.

- the proliferation of executive agreements

- under the executive agreement process

- to negotiate directly

- to sponsor a constitutional amendment

- to monitor agreements

- to endorse the amendment

- to defeat the amendment

- to stipulate

- the circular provides that …

- to conclude an agreement on any subject

- to be consistent with legislation

- legislation enacted by Congress

- in the exercise of

TASK IX Explain the usage of the underlined grammar forms. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The proliferation of executive agreements has been one of the most significant changes in the character of foreign relations.

2. Sixty two senators endorsed the amendment, which would have required both federal and state enabling legislation to allow Congress to monitor all executive agreements.

3. In 1972 the postmaster general was authorized to negotiate procedures for reciprocal receipts and postage costs with postmasters from other countries.

Since that time presidents have used a wide variety of executive agreements.

Executive agreements have been used to demilitarize the Great Lakes.

4. The President may conclude an international agreement on any subject with his constitutional authority so long as the agreement is not inconsistent with legislation enacted by Congress ….

TASK X Paraphrase the sentences paying attention to the underlined parts of the sentences. You may transform the structure of the sentences.

1. The proliferation of executive agreements has been one of the most significant changes in the character of foreign relations.

2. In 1951 Senator John Bricker sponsored a constitutional amendment to restrict the president’s power ….

3. But President Eisenhower’s opposition to this assault on presidential power helped defeat the Bricker amendment.

4. Since that time presidents have used a wide variety of executive agreements.

5. State Department Circular 175 stipulates the official distinction between a treaty and an executive agreement.

6. The circular recognizes three legal bases for executive agreements.

7. The President may conclude an international agreement on any subject within his constitutional authority so long as the agreement is not inconsistent with legislation enacted by Congress in the exercise of its constitutional authority.

TASK XI Make sure that you understand the meaning of the following notions.

demilitarization, immigration, federal legislation, state legislation.

TASK XII Translate into Russian.

1. In 1951 Senator John Bricker sponsored a constitutional amendment to restrict the president’s power to negotiate treaties and executive agreements. Sixty two senators endorsed the amendment, which would have required both federal and state enabling legislation to allow Congress to monitor all executive agreements. But President Eisenhower’s opposition to this assault on presidential power helped defeat the Bricker amendment.

2. Executive agreements got off to an inconspicuous start. In 1792 the postmaster general was authorized to negotiate procedures for reciprocal receipts and postage costs with postmasters from other countries.

3. The circular recognized three legal bases for executive agreements:

(1) executive agreements pursuant to treaties,

(2) those pursuant to legislation,

(3) those pursuant to the president’s constitutional authority.

This last justification is particularly important.

4. The President may conclude an international agreement on any subject within his constitutional authority so long as the agreement is not inconsistent with legislation enacted by Congress in the exercise of its constitutional authority.

TASK XIII Read the text again and answer the questions.

1. What is the executive agreement?

2. What constitutional amendment did Senator John Bicker sponsor in 1951?

How did the Senate and the President respond to the amendment?

3. Give examples of executive agreements.

4. What are three legal bases for executive agreements?

5. What does State Department Circular 175 provide for?

TASK XIV Discussion Points.

1. Do you think that a US President can have an effective policy? Give arguments.

2. Compare the Presidents’ powers in the USA and Russia.

Use the following phrases:

In my view... As far as I can see…. I am afraid I don’t share your view on this... That’s my point exactly... What I mean to say is…. In comparison with…

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