Active Vocabulary.

approve v.(of) smth.), approval n. (for smth.)

treaty n

agent n.

authorize v., authorization, authority n.

appoint v., appointment, appointee n.

bar v. (smb. from smth./doing smth.)

negotiate v. (with smb. for/about smth.), negotiate v. (smth.)

negotiation(s) n.

seek v. (smth.), seeker n.

submission n., submit v. (smth. to smb./smth.)

modify v., modification n.

withdraw v., withdrawal n.

compromise v. (on smth.), n.

ratify v., ratification n.

moderate adj., moderation n.

instructive adj., instruct v.

provide v., provision n.

reservation n.

ensure v.

amend v., amendment n.

TASK II Match the words with their definitions. Ask questions about the text using the words.

1. ensure 1. ensure v. a. having or showing opinions,

especially about politics, that are not extreme.

2. approve v. 2. approve v. b. a formal agreement made between countries.

3. seek v. c. to change smth. slightly.

4. modify v. d. to give smth. to smb. or make it

available for them to use.

5. moderate adj. e. to think that smb. /smth. is good,

acceptable or suitable.

6. provide v.. f. to try to obtain or achieve smth.

7. the executive n. g. to choose smb. for a job or position

of responsibility.

8. negotiate v. 8.negotiate v. h. to forbid or prevent smb. from doing smth.

9. agent n. 9.agent n. i. to give a document, proposal to smb. in authority so that they can study or consider it.

10. authorize v. 10. authorize v. j. to try to reach an agreement by formal discussion.

11. appoint v. k. a person whose job is to act for or

manage the affairs of other people in business, politics, etc.

12. bar v. l. to give official permission for smth.

13. submit v. m. to stop taking part in an activity

14. withdraw v. n. the part of the government responsible for putting

laws into effect.

15.compromise v. o. a small change or improvement that is made to a law or a document.

16. ratify v. 16. ratify v. p. to make sure that smth. happens or is definite.

17. instructive adj. 17. instructive adj. q. to make an agreement officially valid by voting for or signing it.

18. amendment n 18.amendment n. r. to give up some of your demands after a dispute with smb., in order to reach an agreement.

19. treaty n. s. giving a lot of useful information.

TASK III Fill in the correct word in the appropriate grammar form. Use the list of the active vocabulary.

1. As chief …, the president also … senior officials of agencies in the expansive bureaucracy and secretaries of the major departments that make up the president’s cabinet.

2. Who … the payment of the bill?

3. The committee unanimously … the plan.

4. Traffic... … … from the city centre.

5. Our … in New York deals with all US sales.

6. We … currently … new ways of expanding our membership.

7. The president doesn’t … of the idea.

8. Considerable … of the existing system is needed.

9. Completed projects must … … by 10 March.

10. There have been calls for Britain to … from the EU.

11. The government refused to… a further cut in interest rates.

12. His views are quite …..

13. It is … to see how other countries are tackling the problem.

14. After much argument, the judges finally … on this case.

15. The committee proposed a number of ….

16. A change in the law will … fair treatment for people of all races.

17. The report was not expected to… any answers.

18. Parliament passed the bill without further ….

TASK IV Find the Russian equivalents to the following words. Reproduce the sentences with them from the text.

Challenging Vocabular y.

manoeuvre v., n. manoeuvre v.n. to control or influence a situation in a skilful

(am. maneuver) but sometimes dishonest way.

fact-finding adj. that aims to find out information about a country, organization, situation.

usurp v. (usurpation n.) to take smb.’s position, power

without having the right to do this.

withhold v.(formal) to refuse to give smth. to smb.

TASK V Use the correct word from the list above.

1. The new laws have left us little room to ….

2. The commission paid a … visit.

3. She was accused of … information from the police.

4. He attempted to … the principal’s authority.

TASK VI Add at least three nouns to each of the following verbs to form word combinations.

Authorize, conduct, establish, appoint, negotiate, usurp, seek, submit, withdraw, withhold.

TASK VII Change the form of the words by adding negative prefixes.

Approval, authorized, possible, pleasure, legal, official, ratified, to lead, likely, compromising, essential, to agree, necessary.

TASK VIII a) Match the words on the left with their synonyms on the right. Make up sentences or word combinations with them.

1. to approve	a. to prevent
2. agent	b. duty
3. to establish	c. сountry
4. to bar	d. liberation
5. nation	e. to authorize
6. responsibility	f. to act for
7. to represent	g. to set up
8 release n.	h. to offer
9. to submit	i.representative

b) Match the words on the left with their antonyms on the right. Make up sentences or word combinations with them.

1. approximately a. to discontinue

2. legal b. victory

3. to reject c. to loosen

4. to seize d. imprisonment

5. defeat n. e. to manage

6. essential f. extreme

7. to establish g. unimportant

8. to appoint h. to accept

9. private i. illegal

10. release n. j. to dismiss

11. to submit k. public

12. moderate l. precisely

13. to fail m. to withdraw

TASK IX Make up sentences with the following phrases using the text.

Under the act

To be authorized to conduct foreign relations

To bar citizens from negotiating

To give smb. diplomatic recognition

To travel on fact-finding missions

To usurp the executive’s constitutional responsibility

To sanction the trip

To submit a treaty to the Senate for ratification

To approve with no modification

To withdraw treaties

To compromise on issues

To provide an instructive example

To ensure ratification

To propose amendments and reservations

To withhold support

TASK X Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets in the appropriate grammar form, then consult the text and explain the usage.

1. The executive … … (to maneuver) into a commanding strategic position ….

2. …only the president or his agent … … (to authorize) to conduct foreign relations for the United States.

3. Congress showed its displeasure by … (to bar) all private citizens from … (to negotiate) for the United States with foreign nations.

4. … they cannot officially represent the US, since such actions … … (to usurp) the executive’s constitutional responsibility.

5. The State Department refused to sanction the trip, … (to force) Jackson to travel as a private citizen.

6. Since 1789 approximately 1,600 treaties … … … (to submit) to the Senate for ratification. Over three-fourths … … …(to approve) with no modification..

7. Only 1 percent of all treaties … (to submit) to the Senate … … … (to defeat).

8. Republican Senator Robert Dole joked that he felt like withholding support just to see if Carter … … (to give) him a navy base in Kansas.

TASK XI Paraphrase the sentences paying attention to the underlined parts of the sentences. You may transform the structure of the sentences.

1. The executive has also maneuvered into a commanding strategic position in the area of treaty approval and disapproval.

2. Only the president or his agent is authorized to conduct foreign relations for the US.

3. Congress showed its displeasure by barring all private citizens from negotiating for the US with foreign nations.

4. When US congressmen travel abroad on fact-finding missions, they cannot officially represent the US.

5. Wilson seized this defeat from the jaws of victory by refusing to compromise on several nonessential issues.

TASK XII Make sure that you understand the meaning of the following notions.

The executive, strategy, diplomatic relations, diplomatic recognition, the State Department.

TASK XIII Study the information.

Treaty of Versailles – peace treaty after World War I between the Allies (except the US and China) and Germany, signed on 28 June 1919. The Treaty was never ratified by the USA, which signed separate treaties with Germany and Austria in 1921. The terms of Versailles and its reshaping of Europe contributed to the outbreak of World War II.

USA – Panama treaties (1977) transferred the canal to Panama (effective from 2000) with the USA guaranteeing protection and annual payment.

TASK XIV Translate into Russian.

1. The executive has also maneuvered into a commanding strategic position in the area of Treaty approval or disapproval.

2. Logan had appointed himself to represent the United States. Congress showed its displeasure by barring all private citizens from negotiating for the United States with foreign nations.

3. When US congressmen travel abroad on fact-finding missions, they cannot officially represent the United States since such actions would usurp the executive’s constitutional responsibility.

4. However, the numbers are a bit misleading since presidents withdrew 150 of the treaties when defeat seemed likely.

5. The Senate’s rejection of Wilson’s Treaty of Versailles is the classic example of a defeat, but Wilson seized this defeat from the Jaws of victory by refusing to compromise on several nonessential issues. Wilson allowed his personal hatred for Senator Henry Cabot Lodge to overcome the need for a more moderate political strategy. He failed to compromise on points that obviously called for such a strategy.

6. The Senate’s ratification of the Panama Canal treaties provides an instructive example of the politicized approval process.

TASK XV Read the text again and answer the questions.

1. Who is authorized to conduct foreign relations for the USA?

2. Does the Senate usually approve all the treaties submitted for ratification?

3. Why are the numbers of the treaties approved by the Senate a bit misleading?

4. Give examples of the Senate’s rejection of treaties and the Senate’s ratification of
treaties.

TASK XVI Discussion Points.

1. Characterize the relations between the US executive and Congress.

2. Comment on the statement “Compromise is an integral part of politics”.

3. Divide into two groups with one side speaking about the Russian President’s powers in foreign policy and the other side focusing on the US President’s duties in foreign affairs. Compare their powers. Rely on the Constitutions of the two nations.

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