Speak on Ukrainian accent of English.

By Ukrainian accent of English we understand a set of specific pronunciation features which are peculiar to the English pronunciation of Ukrainian speakers and distinguish them from other English-speaking people. Some phonetic differences between languages may be localized at the level of phonetic segments. The fact that phonetically similar sounds in two languages might be transcribed with the same IPA symbols should not obscure the fact that these sounds may be realized differently at the phonetic level, cf. English [t] and Ukrainian [т].

But phonetic differences between languages that may cause foreign accent may also be suprasegmental and subsegmental, such as the speech timing differences which affect the perceived rhythmic qualities of speech and may be carried over from the native to the target language.

Speaking about the acquisition of foreign pronunciation one cannot avoid mentioning the role of articulatory basis and articulatory settings (voice quality settings) of LI and L2 in this process.

The articulatory setting means the disposition of the parts of the speech mechanism and their composite action. Broadly, it is the fundamental groundwork which pervades and, to an extent, determines the phonetic character and speci̯c timbre of a language.

Where two languages differ in their articulatory settings, it is hardly possible to master the pronunciation of L2 while maintaining the articulatory setting of L1. The articulatory setting of a language is determined, to a great extent, by the most frequently occurring sounds and sound combinations of that language. When a Ukrainian learner imposes the new phonemes of English on the articulatory (voice quality) setting of Ukrainian, a foreign accent appears.

A set of contrastive features relating to voice quality settings for British English, American English and Ukrainian can be outlined as follows:

The main features of the Ukrainian accent of English at the segmental level. In the sphere of vowels such deviations from the pronunciation norm of English are observed:

1. More front articulation of the English front vowels [i], [i:], [e].

2. Insufficient opening of the English low vowels due to a lesser articulatory activity of the bottom jaw in Ukrainian.

3. Insufficient differentiation of broad and narrow variants of vowel phonemes.

4. Incorrect articulation of English diphthongs.

5. Excessive lip rounding and protrusion in the articulation of English rounded vowels caused by the greater prominence of lip participation in Ukrainian.

6. Deviations in the realization of phonological and positional length of English vowels.

7. Absence of qualitative and quantitative reduction of vowel phonemes in unstressed position.

In the sphere of consonants the Ukrainian accent of English includes the following features:

1. Inappropriate articulation of the consonants which are absent in Ukrainian: [w] (confusion with [v]); [θ], [р] (dental articulation of inter-dental phonemes), [r], [ŋ] and [h] (excessive fortis articulation of this phoneme).

2. Dental-dorsal articulation of English apical-alveolar consonants due to the tongue setting in Ukrainian.

3. Palatalization of English consonants and consonant clusters.

4. Devoicing of voiced consonants in the word-final position. This feature is a case of secondary interference, i.e. the influence of Russian, but not Ukrainian articulatory habits on English. Devoicing at the end of a word is typical for Russian, while in English voiced consonants are partially devoiced, and in Ukrainian such consonants undergo no devoicing.

5. Absence of aspiration of fortis plosive phonemes [p], [t], [k] and absence of neutralization of aspiration in special cases.

The knowledge of the above mentioned main features of Ukrainian English accent is important both for intercultural communication and EFL teaching practice. It helps clarify the interaction of English and Ukrainian pronunciation bases and enhances mutual intelligibility between the speakers who use English as a lingua franca. In teaching practice, the teacher's awareness of typical violations of English pronunciation norms by Ukrainian learners will help devise efficient teaching techniques and direct the learners' efforts at the acquisition of accurate English pronunciation habits.

# 12.

Speak on Margaret Magnus classification of vowels and consonants All phonemes which have a common phonetic feature also have a common element of meaning.

Margaret Magnus has created the dictionary of English sounds. Her conclusion:” Each sound in the word is meaningful” Margaret proposed such classification

1. ashort – balanced and flat. Long- elastic

2. i –, short- moves up up up.long -oriented to world wind

3. u –short- relaxed. long- fast moving

4. O short- earthy, whole

5. E. short – connects things together, works hard. Long ee – long distance runner

6. b- B is the Base which bears the burden, which holds something on its back.

7. Ch - a hero, achiever different task

8. d – means that a project should be shut down or open up wide and allowed to

9. f– SPONTANIOUS,funny

10. g– the most generous, grudy,good wealthy

11. h– powerful, helpful

12. j- sometimes a looser smt a lider

13. k -snooby, secret

14. l - light, spacy, feminine. L is level. It can be held low to the ground by a low vowel, or it can be made light and lifted up high by a high one.

15. m– muster of skills

16. n - Like the other dentals, N is a line with a special point on it.

17. p– no secrets

18. r – full of energy

19. s – sexy strong and flexible

20. t - dreamer designer traveler

21. y – trusting. energetic

2. 1. Divide between two middle consonants.Split up words that have two middle consonants. For example:

hap/pen, bas/ket, let/ter, sup/per, din/ner, and Den/nis. The only exceptions are the consonant digraphs. Never split up consonant digraphs as they really represent only one sound. The exceptions are "th", "sh", "ph", "th", "ch", and "wh".

2. Usually divide before a single middle consonant. When there is only one syllable, you usually divide in front of it, as in: "o/pen", "i/tem", "e/vil", and "re/port". The only exceptions are those times when the first syllable has an obvious short sound, as in "cab/in".

3. Divide before the consonant before an "-le" syllable. When you have a word that has the old-style spelling in which the "-le" sounds like "-el", divide before the consonant before the "-le". For example: "a/ble", "fum/ble", "rub/ble" "mum/ble" and "thi/stle". The only exception to this are "ckle" words like "tick/le".

4. Divide off any compound words, prefixes, suffixes and roots which have vowel sounds. Split off the parts of compound words like "sports/car" and "house/boat". Divide off prefixes such at "un/happy", "pre/paid", or "re/write". Also divide off suffixes as in the words "farm/er", "teach/er", "hope/less" and "care/ful". In the word "stop/ping", the suffix is actually "-ping" because this word follows the rule that when you add "-ing" to a word with one syllable, you double the last consonant and add the "-ing".

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