Collaboration

c-snoby, secret

o- the source and the beginning of all

l- light, spacey,famines
a- means a lasting and spread out widely

b- is a sudden, powerful beginning, high spirits and hot tempers.

o- the source and the beginning of all

r- harmful,full of energy,to make things happen, persistent

a - means a lasting and spread out widely

t-dreamer, designer, traveler,who follows his or her star,temptation

i-moves up up,light, and a bit tense

o-the source and the beginning of all

n-thoughtful,wise, noble

22.

1.linguistic use of pitch, or speech melody. Different levels of pitch (tones) are used is particular sequences(contours) to express wide range of meanings. For example, all languages seem to differentiate between a falling and a rising pitch pattern. This distinction is used to express a contrast between ‘stating’ and ‘questioning’

Use of speech tempo. It is possible to speed up or slow down the rate with which syllables, words and sentences are produced to convey several kinds of meaning. In many languages, a sentence spoken with extra speed conveys urgency. Rapidly pronounced, clipped syllables may convey irritation, slowly drawled ones – greater personal involvement.

Pitch, loudness and tempo together create the rhythm of a language. Loudness is the basis of rhythmical effects in English. In other languages, such as oriental ones, pitch height (high vs low) is a central feature of rhytm.

DIFFERENCE

d- project should be shout down or opened wide, allowed to happen

I - moves up up,light, and a bit tense

f-smth funny and spontanious

f- smth funny and spontaneous

e- means work hard and connects things together

r- harmful,full of energy,to make things happen, persistent

e- means work hard and connects things together

n- thoughtful,wise, noble

c- snoby,secret

e- means work hard and connects things together

Билет 23

Sentence stress/utterance-level stress is a special prominence given to one or more words according to their relative importance in a sentence/utterance.

Stress, i.e. prosodic highlighting, is related in a very important way to information of all languages, prosodic highlighting serves a very obvious deictic function which is to signal important information for the listeners. Hie general rule in all languages is that the most important information in a phrase or longer utterance will be highlighted, that is will recei ve prominence through some kind of accentuation of a particular word or group of words. This accentuation may involve a noticeable:

2) change in a pitch -usually, but not always, a pitch rise;

3) increase in duration, or length of a syllable;

4) increase in loudness; or

5) combinations of l)-3

In English all three of the prosodic features l)-3) occur together to signal prominence; in other languages accentuation may be accomplish by one of these prosodic features.

2.Accumulation

a-means balance and fleet

c-

c-

u-thoughtful and relaxed

m-master of skills, mother, care, maker

u- thoughtful and relaxed

l- light, spacey,famines

a- means a lasting and spread out widely

t- dreamer, designer, traveler,who follows his or her star,temptation

i-moves up up,light, and a bit tense

o-the source and the beginning of all

n-thoughtful,wise, noble

# 24

1. - An accent is a way that a person or large group of people (generally grouped by a nationality or specific area) speak. Despite the language, there may be some variation in how that group speaks. Those could be through long / short vowels, speed of talking, intonation, diction, stress syllables, formality when speaking to others, pitch, and slang.

- An accent is a unified entity of pronunciation patterns used for communicative interaction by the members of the same speech community.

- An accent is the unique way that speech is pronounced by a group of people speaking the same language. A person's accent depends on many factors; however, accents are usually grouped in the following way:Regional Accents - for example, people who are from Texas often sound different than people who are from New York.

Foreign Accents - for example, someone who was raised speaking English will sound different than someone who was raised speaking Spanish and learned English as an adult.

2. Silent-E Syllables: A silent-e syllable ends in an e, has one and only one consonant before that e, and has one and only one vowel before that consonant. – Ate, strobe

Consonant-L-E Syllables: In these syllables, a consonant is followed by le. The vowel sound in these syllables is the schwa sound that occurs before the l.- Invisible

Vowel-R Syllables: A vowel-r syllable is one which includes one and only one vowel followed by an r, or one vowel followed by an r which is followed by a silent e, or a vowel combination followed by an r.- care

Vowel Combination Syllables: A vowel combination syllable has a cluster of two or three vowels or a vowel-consonant unit with a sound or sounds particular to that unit- rain

Білет 25

1. The spread of English throughout the world has been visualized as three concentric circles, representing different ways in which the language has been acquired and is currently used [Kachru 1985]:

1.the inner circle refers to the traditional bases of English, where it is the primary language: it includes the USA(approximately 238,9 million), UK (56,4 million), Ireland, Canada (25,4 million), Australia, and New Zealand (3,3 million) (Totally: 375 million). The USA contains nearly four times as many English mother-tongue speakers as the next most important English-speaking nation – the UK, these two countries totally comprising 70 per cent of all English mother-tongue speakers in the world;

2.the outer or extended circle involves the earlier phases of the spread of English in non-native settings, where the language has become part of a country's chief institutions, and plays an important "second language" role in a multilingual setting: it includes Singapore, India, Malawi, and over other 60 territories (150-300 million);

3.the expanding circle involves those nations which recognize the importance of English as an international language, though they do not have a history of colonization by members of inner circle. It includes Ukraine alongside with China, Japan, Israel, Greece, Poland, Russia etc. As the name of the circle suggests, there is a steadily increasing number of other states. In these areas, English is taught as a foreign language (EFL) (100-1000 million).

Дата добавления: 2015-10-30