Pronunciation

Bilingualism

1. the ability to speak two languages.
2. the use of two languages, as in a community. Also bilinguality, diglottism

2. Social and Communicative Parameters Relating to
Accent Users and Accent Use and their Accent Correlates/Variables

A. Parameters related to accent users

Their accent correlates and Their accent correlates

1. Age - Annolect

2. Gender - Sexolect

3. Educational level - Hyperlect-acrolect-mesolect-
paralect-basilect

4. Socio-economic status - Sociolect

B. Parameters related to accent use and Their accent correlates

1. Sphere of the communicative activity

Intonation functional styles

2. Communicative situation - Pronunciation style:

a) social distance between accent users - Slow colloquial/full style

b) social proximity between accent users - Rapid familiar/reduced style

БІЛЕТ № 4

1. Two major accents which are used as most prestigious pronunciation models:
1)Southern Eng. Or RP/BBC Eng. – the British national standard of pronunciation
2) General American/GenAm or Network Eng. – the American national standard of pronunciation

Southern English engages in r-dropping, that is, r's are not pronounced after vowels, unless followed by another vowel. Instead, vowels are lengthened or have an /'/ off-glide, so fire becomes /fai'/, far becomes /fa:/, and so on.

· regular use of "broad a" (/a:/), where GA (General American) would use /æ/.

· "long o" is pronounced /'u/, where GA uses /ou/.

· final unstressed i is pronounced /i/, where GA uses /i:).

· t between vowels retained as /t/ (or a glottal stop, in its variants), where GA changes it to /d/.

The English of well-bred Londoners, especially graduates of the public schools (e.g. Eton and Harrow) and "Oxbridge" universities, was the origin of "the Queen's English," also known as Received Pronunciation (RP), BBC, or "posh."

2. Stabilization [ˌsteɪb(ə)laɪ'zeɪʃ(ə)n]
(s) – sexy strong and flexible
(t) - dreamer designer traveller
(a) – balanced and flat

(b) - B is the Base which bears the burden, which holds something on its back. B is in essence also the violation of the Boundary. Something surges forth, but is blocked behind a barrier; pressure builds up; it bulges; it bursts. Bang!

(i) – oriented to world wind, the most fundamented

(l) - light, spacy, feminine. L is level. It can be held low to the ground by a l ow vowel, or it can be made l i ght and l i fted up high by a high one.

(z) – It is energetic and runs along a fast, smooth track. Like S, it intensifies whatever it encounters. It is also the least conventional, the least predictable of consonants.

(n) - Like the other dentals, N is a line with a special point on it. This point is the Null point, the nave, the nexus. You get infinitely close. But you still can't get from here to there. And N is the consonant of the negative: not, nix, no, never, nay.

Білет № 5

1. Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics

Phonetics is concerned with the human noises by which the thought is actualised or given audible shape: the nature of these noises, their combinations, and their functions in relation to the meaning. Phonetics is subdivided into practical and theoretical. Practical or normative phonetics studies the substance, the material form of phonetic phenomena in relation to meaning. Theoretical phonetics is mainly concerned with the functioning of phonetic units in the language. Theoretical phonetics regards phonetic phenomena synchronically without any special attention paid to the historical development of English. Phonetics is itself divided into two major components: segmental phonetics, which is concerned with individual sounds (i.e. "segments" of speech) and supra-segmental phonetics whose domain is the larger units of connected speech: syllables, words, phrases and texts. The way these elements of the phonetic structure of English function in the process of communication will be the main concern of this course. The description of the phonetic structure of English will be based on the so-called Received Pronunciation. We all agree that we are to study the "norm" of English, as a whole, and the "norm" of English pronunciation in particular. There is no much agreement, however, as far as the term "norm" is concerned. This term is interpreted in different ways. Some scholars, for instance, associate "norm" with the so-called "neutral" style. According to this conception stylistically marked parameters do not belong to the norm. More suitable, however, seems to be the conception put forward by Y. Screbnev, who looks upon the norm as a complex of all functional styles. We shall give priority to the second point of view as it is clearly not possible to look upon the pronunciation norm as something ideal which does not, in fact, exist in objective speech. We shall look upon the norm as a complex unity of phonetic styles realized in the process of com munication in accordance with varying extralinguistic and social factors.

Three traditional branches of the subject are generally recognized:

articulatory phonetics (артикуляторна фонетика) is the study of the way speech sounds are made ('articulated') by the vocal organs, i.e. it studies the way in which the air is set in motion, the movements of the speech organs and the coordination of these movements in the production of single sounds and trains of sounds;

acoustic phonetics (акустична фонетика) studies the physical properties of speech sound, as transmitted between the speaker’s mouth and the listener’s ear;

auditory phonetics (аудитивна фонетика) studies the perceptual response to

speech sounds, as mediated by ear, auditory nerve and brain, i.e. its interests lie more in the sensation of hearing, which is brain activity, than in the psychological working of the ear or the nervous activity between the ear and the brain. The means by which we discriminate sounds – quality, sensations of pitch, loudness, length, are relevant here.

The fourth branch – 'functional phonetics' (функціональна фонетика) – is con-

cerned with the range and function of sounds in specific languages. It is typically referred to as phonology. What is the main distinction between phonetics and phonology?

Phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received,

i.e. phonetics is the study of all possible speech sounds. The human vocal apparatus can produce a wide range of sounds; but only a small number of them are used in a language to construct all of its words and utterances.

PRONUNCIATION

p- no secrets here, everything is open

r - full of energy to make things happen, persistent

o - whole and earthy

n – thoughtful, wise and noble

u- fast moving

c –

a - balanced and flat

t – dreamer, designer, traveler

i – moves up up up

Білет № 6

1. Phonology is the study of those segmental (speech sound types) and prosodic (intonation) features which have a differential value in the language. It studies the way in which speakers systematically use a selection of units – phonemes or intonemes – in order to express meaning. It investigates the phonetic phenomena from the point of view of their use.

Within phonology, two branches of study are usually recognized: SEGMENTAL and SUPRA-SEGMENTAL. Segmental phonology analyses speech into discrete segments, such as phonemes; supra-segmental or non-segmental phonology analyses those features which extend over more than one segment, such as intonation contours. The primary aim of phonology is to discover the principles that govern the way that sounds are organized in languages, to determine which phonemes are used and how they pattern – the phonological structure of a language.

Phonology also solves:

- The problem of the identification of the phonemes of a language.

- The problem of the identification of the phoneme in a particular word, utterance. It establishes the system of phonemes and determines the frequency of occurrence in syllables, words, utterances. The distribution and grouping of phonemes and syllables in words are dealt with an area of phonology which is called phonotactics. People engaged in the study of phonetics are known as phoneticians (фонетисти). People engaged in the study of phonology are known as phonologists (фонологи).

Phonology was originated in the 30s of the 20th century by a group of linguists belonging to the Prague school of linguistics. The theoretical background of phonology is the phoneme theory whose foundations were first laid down by I.O. Baudouin de Courtenay. The most important work in phonology is THE GROUNDWORK OF PHONOLOGY by Nickolai Trubetskoy. He claimed that phonology should be separated from phonetics as it studies the functional aspect of phonic components of language. Phonetics is a biological science which investigates the sound-production aspect.

2. This accent has 20 vowels and 24 consonants. The system of vowels embraces 12 pure vowels or monophthongs. The system of RP consonants consists of the following two wide categories sounds:

1. Those typically associated with a noise component: p, b, t, d, k, g, f, v, ð, s, θ, ʃ, z, h, tʃ, ʤ;

2. Those without a noise component which may share many phonetic characteristics - 7 sonorants: m, n, ŋ, 1, r, j, w.

According to the phonotactic specification of /r/ occurrence RP is a non-rhotic or r-less accent, r does not occur after a vowel or at the end of the words.

PHONEME LEXICAL DISTRIBUTION/SELECTION. Prof. J. C. Wells in his article "Cockneyfication of RP" discusses several of recent and current sound changes in RP. He considers in turn:

1) the decline of weak/I/,

2) glottalling,

3) 1-vocalization,

4) intrusive /r/, ^

5) yod coalescence, and

6) assorted lexical changes.

Билет 7

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