Differences in vowel pronunciation

National varieties of English. American English Pronunciation

Three standard pronunciations of English are distinguished: (1) The Received Pronunciation, also called Oxford English or BBC English, is the standard pronunciation of British English; (2) The General American is the accent considered as standard in North America; (3) The General Australian is the English spoken in Australia. The main differences between British English and American English:

Rhotic Accent

This term is used for describing an accent in which the speaker pronounces the letter 'r' after a vowel. The presence of the rhotic accent is one of the most noticeable differences between British and American English. Except for New York City and the area of Boston, American English is rhotic. British English is largely non-rhotic, save for Scotland and Ireland. Rhotic accent refers to the manner letter r is pronounced after a vowel within a syllable, as in words such as hard, borne, or here. Sometimes, it is also called post-vocalic [r] or r-coloring, a term highlighting the timbre features of the sound. The following words have rhotic accent: York, quarter, four, born, door, water, later, hers, heard, hurt, university, were, birth, thirty, ear, nearly, air, where.

Returning to rhotic accent, it can be found associated with the following sounds:

• Long vowels [aː], [ɔː], and [з:], as in hard[ha:rd], borne [bɔ:rn], and hurt [hз:rt], respectively.

• After the short sound schwa [ə] in the comparative endings, as in later ['leitə], or taller [tɔːlər].

• Diphthongs ending by sound schwa [iə] and [eə], as in here [hiər], and there [ðeər], respectively.

• The combination [ju], as in cure [kjuə], or pure [pjuə].

• After the short sound [u], as in poor [pur], moor [mur], or boor [bur].

Differences in vowel pronunciation

· Change of Diphthong [əu] to [ɔu]

The shift from the British diphthong [əu] to [ɔu] is also very distinguishing. The shift consisted in the change of the mid central unrounded vowel [ə] to the close-mid back rounded vowel [ɔ] in the first vowel of the diphthong. This shift is considered to be systematic:

Word	Received Pronunciation (RP)	General American (GA)
go	[gəu]	[gɔu]
crow	[krəu]	[krɔu]
cocoa	['kəukəu]	['kɔukɔu]
promotion	[prə'məuʃn]	[prə'mɔuʃn]

· Change of Vowel [ɔ]

Letter o is pronounced in many different ways in English. There are some illustrative examples of such diversity: hot [hɔt] in RP, but [ha:t] in GA; corn [kɔːn] in RP, but [kɔːrn] in GA; continue [kən'tinjuː]; moon [mu:n]; coast [kəust] in RP, but [koust] in GA; house [haus]. The so-called “short o”, which often appears in a stressed syllable with one letter o such as in dog or model, underwent a change in American English. In British English that sound is pronounced as an open back rounded short sound [ɔ], as in hot [hɔt]. In American English it is pronounced either as an open back unrounded long sound [a:], as in hot [ha:t], or as an open-mid back rounded long vowel [ɔ:], as in dog [dɔ:g]. Note that British English prefers a short sound as opposed to American English, which prefers a long sound in all cases.

Word	British English	American English
box	[bɔks]	[ba:ks]
off	[ɔf]	[a:f] or [ɔ:f]
possible	['pɔsəbl]	['pa:səbl]
wasn't	['wɔznt]	['wʌznt]

· Changes to [ou] and [ʌ]

The most frequent changes are from [ɔ] to [a:] and [ɔ:]. However, in a very few cases vowel [ɔ] is changed to [ou] and [ʌ]. Here we have a list with the main examples.

• Change to [ou]: homosexual [,houməu'sekʃuəl]; in RP compost is ['kɔmpɔst], but in GA it is ['ka:mpoust]. Other words are: impost, pogrom (in the second syllable), produce (as noun), provost, riposte, scone, shalom.

• Change to [ʌ]: hovel, hover, therefrom, wasn’t.

· Change of [æ]

The change of vowel occurs under certain conditions, but it is deemed to be inconsistent, as we will see in the examples below. Vowel [æ] becomes vowel [a:] in RP when:

• Vowel [æ] is before sounds [s], [f], and [θ], as in pass, calf, and path.

• Vowel [æ] is followed by another consonant, especially in the cases such as [ns], [nt], [ntʃ], and [mpl], as in dance, can’t, ranch, and sample.

• The changes are not applied before other consonants, as in cat, pal, cab, and drag.

There are some examples to illustrate the above rules as well as a few exceptions.

• Words pronounced with [æs] in GA but with [a:s] in RP: brass, class, glass, grass, pass, mast, past, master, plaster, clasp, grasp, gasp, mask, task, ask, basket. Exceptions: crass, gas, lass, mass, astronaut, pastel.

• Words pronounced with [æf] in GA with [a:f] in RP: calf, graph, giraffe, half, laugh, staff, after, craft, daft, draft, laughter, raft, shaft.

• Words pronounced with [æ] in GA with [a:θ] in RP: bath, lath, path. Exceptions: hath, maths, athlete, decathlon.

• Words pronounced with [ænt] in GA with [a:nt] in RP: aunt, plant, can’t, advantage. Exceptions: ant, banter, scant, mantle.

• Words pronounced with [æmp] in GA with [a:mp] in RP: sample, example. Exceptions: trample, ample.

· Change from [ju:] to [u:]

Around the beginning of 12^th century several changes took place in the English vowels. One of them was the so-called yod-dropping, the omission of sound [j] before [u:]. Both RP and GA embraced the change, although GA extended the cases in which yod-dropping was applied.

Yod-dropping before [u:] takes place in RP and GA in the following cases.

• After the post-alveolar affricates [ʧ] and [ʤ], as in chew [ʧu:], juice [ʤu:s], and Jew [ʤu:s].

• After [r], as in rude [ru:d], prude [pru:d], shrewd [ʃru:d], and extrude [iks'truːd].

• After clusters formed by a consonant followed by [l], as in blue [blu:], flu [flu:], and slew [slu:].

Apart from this common corpus of words, in GA as well as in many other varieties of English we observe yod-dropping in further cases.

• After [s] and [z], as in suit [su:t], Zeus [zu:s], assume [ə'su:m], and hirsute ['hзːsjuːt].

• After [l], as in lute [lu:t], and pollute [pə'luːt].

• Especially in GA, after [t], [d], and [n], as in tune [tu:n], stew [stu:], dew [du:], and new [nu:].

· Change of [i] and [ai]

In some cases the pronunciation of lax vowel [i] in RP becomes other vowels, mainly diphthong [ai] and [ə] in the suffix -ization.

• For the change to [ai], there are some examples: dynasty, privacy, simultaneously, vitamin.

• In the suffix -ization, pronounced as [ai'zeiʃn] in RP, the diphthong [ai] is transformed into the unstressed and neutral vowel sound [ə], resulting in the pronunciation [ə'zeiʃn] in GA. Examples of this change are: authorization, centralization, civilization, colonization, dramatization.

· Changes of [i:] and [e]

Sometimes, swaps between vowels [i:] and [e] are also found.

• Change of [i:] in RP to [e] in GA: aesthetic, devolution, epoch, evolution, febrile, predecessor.

• Change of [e] in RP to [i:] in GA: leisure, medieval, zebra.

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