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The circulation fluid is usually a liquid but can also be air or gas. (Remember, a fluid can be either a liquid or gas.) If the circulating, or drilling, fluid is a liquid, it is made up mostly of water, although occasionally oil is the major component. Both types of drilling fluids are called muds, or drilling muds, because that is what they appear to be. Nevertheless, some drilling muds are quite a bit more than just muds; literally scores of special chemical additives and weighting materials are put into them in order to achieve their purpose with the greatest efficiency. Special clays are used to give body to the mud, and barite-a heavy mineral-is added to increase the density of the mud. Chemicals are used to control the thickness, or viscosity, of the mud and to improve the ability of the solid particles in the mud to deposit a layer, or cake, on the wall of the hole.
In perhaps 1 percent of all oil wells drilled, compressed air or natural gas is used as the circulating fluid instead of mud. Conditions are usually such that air drilling, although a very efficient drilling method, cannot be used. Circulating with a liquid is less efficient but offers the advantages of hydraulic lift (such as its ability to lift cuttings made by the bit), pressure buildup as depth increases, and so on.
Answer the following questions.
1. What are the components of the сirculating system?
2. How many circulating equipment devices can you name?
3. What are the two basic types of drilling fluids?
4. What does the choice of the drilling fluid depend on?
5. What is put into it to achieve their purpose with the greatest efficiency?
6. What for are special clays necessary?
7. What is used to increase the density of the mud?
8. What is used to control the thickness or viscosity of the mud?
9. Why air drillings cannot be always used?
10. Are there any advantages of hydraulic lift?
4. Find English equivalents for these words and word combinations in the text:
буровой раствор, нефть является основным компонентом, специальные химические добавки, специальная глина, контролировать плотность и вязкость, способность твёрдых частиц образовать фильтрационную корку на стенках скважины, сжатый воздух или природный газ, эффективный метод бурения, преимущества гидравлического подъёмника
5. Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list below into the extracts and translate them into Russian:
a) drilling fluid, cutting, annulus, solids, to ensure, mud return line, downhole, mud pits, weighting material.
The circulating system is used to circulate…… down through the drillstring and up the……, carrying the drilled…… from the face of the bit to the surface. Drilling fluid (mud) is usually a mixture of water, clay,…… and chemicals. The mud is mixed and conditioned in the …… and then circulated…… by large pumps (slash pumps). On the surface the mud is directed from the annulus, through the flowline (……) and before it re-enters the mud pits the drill cuttings are removed from the mud by…… removal equipment. The mud is therefore in a continuous circulating system. The properties of the mud are constantly checked…… that they are maintained as desired.
b) suspended, finer, removed, shale, contaminants, degasser, lager particles, recycling, processing.
Once the mud has been circulated round the system it will contain……drilled cuttings, perhaps some gas and other……. These must be…… before the mud is recycled. The mud passes over a……, which is basically a vibrating screen. This will remove the……, while allowing the residue (underflow) to pass into setting tanks. The…… material can be removed using other solids removal equipment. If the mud contains gas from the formation it will be passed through a…… which separates the gas from the liquid mud. Having passed through all the mud…… equipment the mud is returned to the mud tanks for……
Mach the following words and expressions with their definitions and give their Russian equivalents.
Standpipe, kick, shale shaker, blowout, mud return line, annulus, desilter
1. The space between two concentric circles. In the petroleum industry, it is usually the space surrounding a pipe in the wellbore, or the space between tubing and casing, or the space between tubing and the wellbore.
2. A vertical pipe rising along the side the derrick or mast, which joins the discharge line leading from the mud pump to the rotary hose and through which mud is pumped into the hole.
3. A vibrating screen used to remove cuttings from the circulating fluid in rotary drilling operations.
4. A centrifugal device for removing very fine particles from drilling fluid to keep the amount of solids in the fluid at the lowest possible point.
5. An entry of water, gas, oil, or other formation fluid into the wellbore during drilling. It occurs because the pressure exerted by the column of drilling fluid is not great enough to overcome the exerted by the fluids in the formation drilled.
6. An uncontrolled flow of gas, oil, or other well fluids into the atmosphere or into an underground formation. It can occur when formation pressure exceeds the pressure applied to it by the column of drilling fluid.
7. A trough or pipe that is placed between the surface connections at the wellbore and the shale shaker and through which drilling mud flows on its return to the surface from the hotel.
7. Explain the following terms using a specialized dictionary and glossary, give their Russian equivalents and make up own sentences with them:
Drilling fluid, drilling mud, gas-cut mud, air drilling, drill cuttings.
MUD TANKS AND PUMPS.
1. Study the following vocabulary.
| mud tanks, mud pits | резервуары для бурового раствора |
| mud hopper | смеситель бурового раствора |
| pour | лить, наливать |
| severe burn | сильный ожог |
| ejected particles | выбрасываемые частицы |
| attach | присоединять |
| compound | смесь, соединение |
| caustic | негашёная известь |
| agitator | мешалка, лопасти |
| property | свойство, характеристика |
| to power | приводить в движение |
| paddle like projections | лопастные выступы |
| capable | способный |
| sifter | решето, фильтр, просеиватель |
| recycle | повторно использовать, возвращать в оборот |
Read and translate the text.
The mud is mixed in the mud tanks (often called mud pits) with the help of a mud hopper into which most of the dry ingredients for the mud are poured. (It is very important to note that some dry ingredients, especially one called caustic, should never be added to the mud through the hopper. The hopper works in such a way that it often throws out a little of the ingredients being added to it. Since caustic is just that caustic - one can easily receive a severe burn from such ejected particles.) The tanks contain agitators (paddlelike projections) that mix the mud. The mud is mixed with either oil or water, depending on the mud properties needed.
The mud pump is the primary component of any fluid-circulating system. Pumps are either powered by electric motors attached directly to them, or driven by the compound. The pumps for rotary drilling rigs have high ratings and are capable of moving large volumes of fluid at very high pressures. When circulating with air or gas, the pump is replaced by compressors, and mud tanks are not required.
Answer the following questions.
1. Where is the mud mixed?
2. What is the mud hopper?
3. Which ingredient should never be added to the mud?
4. Does the hopper through out the ingredients?
5. Can the ejected particles be dangerous?
6. What is the mud mixed with?
7. What is the primary component in any fluid-circulating system?
8. What by are the pumps driven?
9. Are the pumps capable of moving large volumes?
10. In what case are pumps replaced by compressors?
Put the sentences in the correct order for each paragraph.
Paragraph 1.
A) Since caustic is just that caustic - one can easily receive a severe burn from such ejected particles.) The tanks contain agitators (paddlelike projections) that mix the mud.
B) The mud is mixed with either oil or water, depending on the mud properties needed.
C) (It is very important to note that some dry ingredients, especially one called caustic, should never be added to the mud through the hopper.
D) The mud is mixed in the mud tanks (often called mud pits) with the help of a mud hopper into which most of the dry ingredients for the mud are poured.
E) The hopper works in such a way that it often throws out a little of the ingredients being added to it.
Correct order: __ __ __ __ __
Paragraph 2.
F) The pumps for rotary drilling rigs have high ratings and are capable of moving large volumes of fluid at very high pressures.
G) The mud pump is the primary component of any fluid-circulating system.
H) When circulating with air or gas, the pump is replaced by compressors, and mud tanks are not required.
I) Pumps are either powered by electric motors attached directly to them, or driven by the compound.
Correct order: __ __ __ __
5. Fill in the appropriate words and expressions into the extract below and translate it into Russian:
a) standpipe, mud, U-turn, derrick, the cuttings, screens out
The mud pump takes … … from the mud tanks and sends it out a discharge line to a … …. The standpipe is a steel pipe mounted vertically on one leg of the mast or … …. Mud flows out of the standpipe and into the rotary hose, which is connected to the swivel and then goes down the kelly, the drill stem, out the bit. It does a sharp … … and heads back up the hole in the annulus carrying … … made by the bit.Finally, the mud leaves the hole through a steel pipe called the "mud return line" and falls over a vibrating, screenlike device called the "shale shaker". It acts like a sifter and … … the cuttings.
b) reserve pit, recycles, environmental reasons, chemicals, circulating system
Except in environmentally sensitive areas on land, the cuttings fall into the … …, the earthen pit excavated when the site was being prepared. In areas where the contractor cannot use a reserve pit because of the … …, the shaker dumps the cuttings into a special receptacle. Later, the cuttings are properly disposed of. The mud drains back into the mud tanks where the mud pump … … it downhole. The … … is essentially a closed system. The system circulates the mud over and over throughout the drilling of the well. From time to time, however, crew members may add water, clay, or other … … to make up for losses or to adjust the mud's properties as the hole drills into new and different formations.
Translate the sentences with the help of the text.
1. Раствор замешивается в специальных резервуарах для бурового раствора с помощью смесителя. 2. Во время работы смеситель часто выбрасывает часть ингредиентов добавляемых в раствор. 3. В раствор добавляют сухие вещества, одним из которых является негашёная известь. 4. От выбросов извести можно легко получить ожоги. 5. Резервуар оснащён лопастями, которые перемешивают раствор. 6. Раствор замешивают с водой или нефтью, в зависимости от требований. 7. Буровые насосы приводятся в движение электрическими насосами присоединёнными к ним, или трансмиссией. 8. Буровые насосы способны перекачивать большие объёмы раствора под очень высоким давлением. 9. При закачивании раствора с помощью воздуха или газа, вместо резервуаров используют компрессоры.
Combine two corresponding sentence parts.
| 1) It acts like a sifter and 2) In areas where the contractor cannot use a reserve pit because of the environmental reasons, 3) The standpipe is a steel pipe mounted 4) Mud flows out of the standpipe and into the rotary hose, 5) Finally, the mud leaves the hole through a steel pipe called the "mud return 6) Later, the cuttings are 7) The mud drains back into the mud tanks 8) The circulating system is 9) The. system circulates the mud over and 10) From time to time, however, crew members may add water, clay, 11) Several pieces of auxiliary 12) The shale shaker sifts out 13) Sometimes, though, the bit creates particles so 14) So, after the mud passes through the shaker, 15) These pieces of equipment remove fine particles | A) where the mud pump recycles it downhole. B) equipment keep the mud in good shape. C) which is connected to the swivel and then goes down the kelly, the drill stem, out the bit. D) line" and falls over a vibrating, screenlike device called the "shale shaker". E) or small solids, to keep them from contaminating the drilling mud. F) the normal-sized cutting. G) the shaker dumps the cuttings into a special receptacle. H) vertically on one leg of the mast or derrick. I) or other chemicals to make up for losses or to adjust the mud’s properties as the hole drills into new and different formations. J) screens out the cuttings. K) essentially a closed system. L) properly disposed of. M) the system sends the mud through desanders, desilters, mud cleaners, and mud centrifuges. N) over throughout the drilling of the well. O) small that they fall through the shaker with the mud. |
Correct combination
1 -__ 2 -__ 3 -__ 4 -__ 5 -__ 6 -__ 7 -__ 8 -__ 9 -__ 10 -__ 11 -__ 12 -__ 13 -__ 14 -__ 15 -__
THE MUD CYCLE
1. Study the following vocabulary.
| mud suction tank | расходный резервуар |
| discharge line | нагнетательная линия (насоса) |
| flexible | гибкий |
| reinforced rubber hose | армированный резиновый рукав |
| kelly hose | шланг ведущей буровой трубы |
| drill collars | УБТ |
| annulus | затрубное кольцевое пространство |
| trough | лоток для стока |
| the mud return line | сливной канал |
| shale shaker | вибросито |
| screen | сетка вибросита |
| reserve pit | запасной резервуар (котлован) |
| silt | грубый ил |
| desilter | илоотделитель |
| desander | пескоотделитель |
| to mount | устанавливать |
| erode | разъедать |
| degasser | дегазатор |
| density of the mud | плотность бурового раствора |
| blowout | выброс |
| bearing | опорная поверхность |
| hole | скважина |
Read and translate the text.
The mud is pumped from the mud suction tank through a discharge line to a standpipe. The standpipe is a steel pipe mounted vertically on one leg of the mast or derrick. The mud is pumped up the standpipe and into a flexible, very strong, reinforced rubber hose called the rotary hose, or kelly hose. The rotary hose is connected to the swivel. The mud enters the swivel, flows down through the kelly, drill pipe and drill collars, and exits at the "bit. It then does a sharp U-turn and heads back up the hole through the annulus, a space between the outside of the drill string and wall of the hole. Finally, the mud leaves the hole through a steel pipe or trough, called the mud return line, and falls over a vibrating, screenlike device called the shale shaker. The shaker screens out the cuttings and dumps them into a reserve pit. The mud then drains back into the mud tanks and is recycled back down the hole by the mud pump.
If fine silt or sand is being drilled, devices called desiltersand desandersare mounted on the mud pits to remove these very small particles. Recirculating silt and sand back down the hole makes the mud heavier than desired and might erode the drill string and other components. And, if a formation containing small amounts of gas is encountered, a degasser is often employed to remove the gas from the mud before it is recirculated into the hole. Mud containing gas (gas-cut mud) should not be recirculated because it decreases the density of the mud, which could lead to a blowout.
The art (or science, however you may view it) of mud control has developed as rapidly as any phase of the drilling business. It is one of the most complex subjects the drilling c: has to deal with. A number of variables in a drilling situation not only dictate which chemical and physical makeup of the drilling fluid is best, but also suggest the best rate of circulation for the flow of drilling fluid in the hole. In fact, the drilling fluid (along with the prime movers) even has a bearing on the type of bit used and some of the other characteristics of the makeup of the drilling rig for a given job.
Answer the following questions.
1. What is the passage of the mud to a stand pipe?
2. How is a stand pipe constructed?
3. What is a rubber hose?
4. How does the mud exit on the bit?
5. What is the name of the space between the outside of the drill string and wall of the hole?
6. What is the application of the mud return line and the shall shaker?
7. What is the purpose of desilters and desanders?
8. What might erode the drill string and other components?
9. What device is employed to remove the gas from the mud?
10. What kind of mud could lead to a blowout?
4. Fill in the appropriate words and expressions into the extract below and translate it into Russian:
shale shaker, auxiliary equipment, desanders, contaminating, small solids
Several pieces of … … keep the mud in good shape. The … … sifts out the normal-sized cutting. Sometimes, though, the bit creates particles so small that they fall through the shaker with the mud. So, after the mud passes through the shaker, the system sends the mud through… …, desilters, mud cleaners, and mud centrifuges. These pieces of equipment remove fine particles, or… …, to keep them from … … the drilling mud.
5. Translate the sentences with the help of the text:
1. Раствор подаётся из расходного резервуара через нагнетательную линию насоса в буровой стояк. 2. Буровой стояк – это стальная труба, установленная вертикально на мачте. 3. Раствор закачивается в буровой стояк через очень крепкий армированный резиновый рукав. 4. Этот шланг присоединён к вертлюгу. 5. Раствор поступает в вертлюг, затем в рабочий буровой квадрат, оттуда в буровую трубу и УБТ и концентрируется в устье скважины. 6. Затем он делает резкий U-образный поворот и направляется обратно в скважину через затрубное кольцевое пространство, это пространство между внешней стороной бурильной колонны и стенкой скважины. 7. В конце, раствор движется из скважины через стальную трубу или стальной лоток, который называется сливной лоток и падает в вибросито. 8. Сито отделяет буровой шлам и сбрасывает его в запасной резервуар. 9. После этого раствор вновь возвращается в расходный резервуар и при помощи циркуляционного бурового насоса возвращается обратно вниз к скважине. 10. Илоотделители и пескоотделители устанавливаются на расходные резервуары для того, чтобы отделить мелкие частицы ила или песка. 11. Рециркуляция ила и песка к устью скважины к устью скважины делает раствор тяжелее желаемого и может привести к разъеданию бурового снаряда. 12. Если в раствор попадает небольшое количество газа, для его отделения используется дегазатор бурового раствора. 13. Раствор, содержащий газ, не рециркулируется, так как это может привести к увеличению плотности раствора, чем может быть вызвано фонтанирование скважины.
Using the sentences to help you, find the words for the crossword puzzle.
Across
If a formation containing small amounts of gas is encountered, a degasser is often employed to remove the gas from the mud before it is ______________________ into the hole. (F8)
A number of variables in a drilling situation not only dictate which chemical and physical makeup of the drilling fluid is best, but also suggest the best rate of ____________________ for the flow of drilling fluid in the hole. (G11)
Recirculating silt and sand back down the hole makes the mud heavier than desired and might erode the drill string and other __________________. (D5)
The standpipe is a steel pipe mounted __________________ on one leg of the mast or derrick. (A3)
A number of ________________ in a drilling situation not only dictate which chemical and physical makeup of the drilling fluid is best, but also suggest the best rate of circulation for the flow of drilling fluid in the hole. (F17)
If fine silt or sand is being drilled, devices called desilters and desanders are mounted on the mud pits to remove these very small ________________. (C1)
The mud is pumped from the mud suction tank through a discharge line to a ________________. (C20)
The rotary hose is ________________ to the swivel. (L2)
If fine silt or sand is being drilled, devices called ________________ and desanders are mounted on the mud pits to remove these very small particles. (F13)
And, if a formation containing small amounts of gas is encountered, a degasser is often ______________ to remove the gas from the mud before it is recirculated into the hole. (D15)
A number of variables in a drilling situation not only ____________ which chemical and physical makeup of the drilling fluid is best, but also suggest the best rate of circulation for the flow of drilling fluid in the hole. (N6)
Mud containing gas (gas-cut mud) should not be recirculated ____________ it decreases the density of the mud, which could lead to a blowout. (N4)
The mud enters the __________, flows down through the kelly, drill pipe and drill collars, and exits at the bit. (N15)
Finally, the mud leaves the hole through a steel pipe or __________, called the mud return line, and falls over a vibrating, screenlike device called the shale shaker. (L19)
The mud enters the swivel, flows down through the ________, drill pipe and drill collars, and exits at the "bit. (A18)
In fact, the drilling fluid (along with the prime movers) even has a bearing on the ______ of bit used and some of the other characteristics of the makeup of the drilling rig for a given job. (P13)
Down
And, if a formation containing small amounts of gas is ____________________, a degasser is often employed to remove the gas from the mud before it is recirculated into the hole. (A5)
The mud is pumped up the standpipe and into a flexible, very strong, __________________ rubber hose called the rotary hose, or kelly hose. (D7)
Finally, the mud leaves the hole through a steel pipe or trough, called the mud return line, and falls over a vibrating, __________________ device called the shale shaker. (S9)
Mud __________________ gas (gas-cut mud) should not be recirculated because it decreases the density of the mud, which could lead to a blowout. (P10)
Mud containing gas (gas-cut mud) should not be recirculated because it decreases the ____________ of the mud, which could lead to a blowout. (S1)
If fine silt or sand is being drilled, devices called desilters and desanders are mounted on the mud ______ to remove these very small particles. (H10)
The mud is pumped up the standpipe and ______ a flexible, very strong, reinforced rubber hose called the rotary hose, or kelly hose. (O6)
Mud containing gas (gas-cut mud) should not be recirculated because it decreases the density of the mud, which could ______ to a blowout. (G15)
The mud is pumped from the mud suction tank through a discharge ______ to a standpipe. (I3)
The mud is pumped ______ the mud suction tank through a discharge line to a standpipe. (F7)
Finally, the mud leaves the hole through a steel pipe or trough, called the mud return line, and falls ______ a vibrating, screenlike device called the shale shaker. (B16)
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | |
7. Topics for discussion:
Talk about: a) main components of the circulating system b)both types of the drilling muds; c) the work of the mud pump; c) the mud cycle
| UNIT 7 WELL CONTROLL EQUIPMENT |
1. Study the following vocabulary.
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