Ex. 8. Translate. Mind the functions of the Infinitive and the Infinitive Constructions.

1. To anticipate is to look forward, to see what must be done and to do it in advance.

2. To allow for all possible types of interactions and reflections, however, would be a formidable task in this event.

3. To eliminate the inconsistency of measuring the force on a unit area by a unit of length, the air pressure is now measured for meteorological purposes in terms of a unit of 1.000 dynes cm- called a millibar (mb).

4. According to the law of conservation of energy, any energy acquired by an atom is to be eventually given off.

5. Each atom is to be governed by the mean potential due to all the other atoms at rest in their mean positions.

6. Your prime task has been to record the directions to be executed exceedingly accurately.

7. The problem is to confine hot plasma long enough for a fusion reaction to take place.

8. A traditional approach to the problem is to eliminate bulky calculations. It may require a lot of auxiliary operations.

9. An amplifier to boost the signal would be required before the signal is fed to the input.

10. The discovery of uranium fission is one to exert greater influence on the events to come than any other discovery in the past century.

11. There are a number of advantages to be gained from using a liquid as the active medium in a laser rather than a solid or a gas.

12. Apart from this, eigenvalues to be obtained for excited electronic states in most cases agree reasonably with experimental binding energy.

13. These electrons are always freely available to conduction. A partially filled band (зона) is created whenever the orbitals that combine to form the band are not fully occupied.

14. In the modern conception, the strong nuclear force binds quarks together to form elementary particles such as protons and neutrons.

15. Unfortunately the period of visibility of a comet is generally too short to allow any extensive measurements.

16. The combination of three quarks is sufficient to account for the hadrons that have been observed or predicted by the rigorous theory.

17. When two identical atoms are brought together closely enough for their orbits to overlap, each energy level is split to create two new levels, below and above the original level.

18. Positrons typically live a few hundred picoseconds, roughly the time it takes for a light to travel one centimeter.

19. For the effect to be readily observable a great deal of energy must be concentrated in a narrow band of wavelengths, the narrower the better.

20. It is possible for excitation to take place in successive steps by the absorption of two or more quanta of energy.

21. For laser action to take place one must make the stimulated emission process occur more often than the competing process of absorption.

22. The linguists and mathematicians don't expect their machines - once they get them - to translate poetry or novels.

23. Until the early 1960's the superconducting elements were in minority (меншість) among all metallic elements. Consequently, scientists considered superconductivity (the abrupt disappearance of ail resistance to electric current in some metals at very low temperature) to be an anomalous property to be eventually put into practice.

24. This amounts to assuming the rate of our knowledge growth to depend on the amount of knowledge already acquired.

25. Materials are constantly being improved and their introduction will enable weight to be reduced.

26. This continuous "heat source" causes the ambient gas to expand outwards into interplanetary space, its particles overcoming gravitational trapping.

27. The invisible portion of the spectrum is known to exceed greatly in range the portion to which the human eye is sensitive.

28. Oscillations might be expected to be attributed to the diffusion of the constituents. Oscillations in a closed system consisting of a homogeneous mixture, however, were thought to be impossible because they violate a basic law of physics and chemistry.

29. For example, the element niobium has been found to be particularly favourable to superconductivity.

30. The concept of heat is also known to have undergone several changes during the development of physics.

31. The errors were first assumed to have been brought about by inaccurate measurements but an elaborate analysis revealed that theoretical dependence was not valid.

32. Neither had anyone hitherto (thus far) imagined that electricity might be separated from its atomic or molecular carrier ions. Thomson measured the masses of the carriers and found them to be but 1/1845 that of the lightest of all atoms, hydrogen. Furthermore, the masses of these particles were found to be entirely independent of the chemical character of the filament (нитка накалу) whence they originated.

33. The molecules in gas envelope surrounding the star appear to be in constant motion and their average speed increases as the temperature increases.

34. Light from some of the remote quasars that reaches us to-day appears to have been in transit for a major part of the history of the universe.

35. In particular the situation doesn't seem to change drastically (радикально) within the next decade though the scientists are seeking adequate explanations.

36. In addition to their obvious importance to the study of how matter is distributed in the universe, dwarf galaxies have proved to be valuable subjects for the study of the evolution of the galaxies and the gravitational interactions between them.

37. The clouds in the atmosphere of Venus prove to form continuous layers at an altitude roughly between 45 and 6.

38. In BAG (Bayard-Alpert-gauge) the electron path length turns out to be about 2 cm on the average.

39. Some of these striking exceptions are likely to be beyond the scope of the paper in question.

40. The first rule is unlikely to have been violated here, nor indeed would such a violation be justified.

41. It didn't seem unreasonable at that time to suppose that extragalactic space is heavily populated with similar systems too faint (тьмяний, неяскравий) to be detected. And indeed, the astronomers now believe dwarf galaxies to be the most common type of galactic system in the universe.

42. The discussion of random and systematic errors likely to be encountered in the experiment is intended to reveal the source of both.

43. The results of the measurement will in general vary owing to random errors equally likely to be positive and negative.

44. The fact that the process can last indefinitely is sure to contradict to the main laws of physics.

45. The equation in question is certain to hold for all the conditions irrespective of the voltage applied.

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