Ex. 3. Translate. Mind the meaning of for.

Example: Large energy is required for intrinsic conduction to occur.

Необхідна велика кількість енергії, щоб виникла власна електропровідність.

His observation is ofsignificance for it may provide new lines to the study of the problem. Його спостереження є важливим, оскільки воно може дати новий спосіб вирішення проблеми.

1. It is necessary to stir (розмішувати) the solution extensively for a high degree of homogeneity to be achieved.

2. This point is of great practical importance for the heat transfer through a turbulent boundary layer is, in any case, much greater than the transfer through a laminar layer.

3. These are the obstacles standing in the way of progress for the scientists to eliminate.

4. To examine the influence of atomic polarization it is interesting to compare the electron and positron scattering for no exclusion principle operates in the latter case.

5. The wave has both electric and magnetic components; these components are bound together and are both required for the wave to exist.

6. The predicted dependence of frequency on the length of plasma column appears to be correct for it conforms to the theory.

7. It remains for a new generation to decide how to expand the application of technique and at the same time to protect the environment.

8. The velocity is referred to as the escape velocity for it is the minimum velocity a vehicle requires to escape the earth's gravitational field.

9. In this kind of transparent waveguide it is possible for a single light ray to zigzag back and forth through the inner layer, undergoing successive total reflections at both the upper and the lower interface.

10. Due to unusual gift (талант, здібність) in mathematics Sofia Kovalevska was awarded the highest prize of the Paris Academy. She gladly accepted it for she needed money to proceed with her work.

Ex. 4. Translate. Pay attention to the Complex Object.

I

Example: We believe these requirements to be incompatible.

Ми вважаємо, що дані вимоги є несумісними.

1. In any case we believe this theory to be based on classical physics and therefore on common sense (здоровий глузд).

2. As far as the discrepancy between the results is concerned we found it to conform with the assumption made.

3. From the preliminary discussion alone we might consider liquid lasers to deserve elaborate study.

4. Preliminary experimental results have shown tunnel diodes to be at least ten times more resistant to nuclear radiation than transistors.

5. On the basis of such a model one expects the conductivity for a crystal with a perfect lattice (which of course is not attainable) gradually to become infinite as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

6. When we used Boltzman's assumption of molecular chaos we evidently assumed that correlation could be neglected. Yet for long range coulomb forces we would expect these correlations to be important for all but very small deviations from equilibrium.

7. By 1933 scientists knew 17 pure elements and over 53 alloys and compounds to be superconducting.

8. However it was necessary to assume the signal to be subject to a considerable delay.

9. Physicists have found the theory to be adequate enough to explain radioactive decay of the nucleus.

10. Our efforts to prove this to be the case in extreme conditions were in vain.

11. An excess of electrons causes the atom to exhibit the properties of a body charged negatively.

II

Pay attention to the Complex Object after the verbs: to allow, to permit, to enable, to let, to make, to cause.

1. This model enables us to estimate how thick a dense plasma must be to absorb all the incident laser light.

2. Spectroscopic studies of the radiation have enabled determination of the temperature to be made.

3. Other scanning methods will enable the over-all optical gain to be accomplished which is equal to the refractive index, n, of the optical material employed.

4. Classical physics doesn't allow physicists to describe phenomena on the atomic or molecular level, it is appropriate to seek a quantum-mechanical description of such phenomena.

5. Dependence of the phase relation between cavity field and the signal does not permit the signal to be amplified or attenuated.

6. These effects let the viewer infer a three-dimensional structure from a two-dimensional micrograph (мікрофотографія, мікрознімок).

7. Some modern computers let eight programmes run simultaneously if all the necessary equipment is available.

8. In an ordinary TV set an electron beam causes the luminous image to appear on the tube.

9. There is no way to make a black hole rotate any faster than a=l; in effect a hole with a rotation parameter very close to 1 should slow down.

10. If there were no earth's gravitation the satellites would move through airless space in a straight line at a uniform speed.

11. Constant temperature must be maintained to make the process continue at any rate.

12. The pressure in the cylinder makes the piston descend; the piston is made to descend as the pressure in the cylinder rises.

13. And eventually (нарешті) more sensitive instruments made it possible to detect X-rays from distant sources at very high energies, corresponding to wavelength of 20 Angstroms or less.

14. Indeed, new results make it necessary to modify the picture that has emerged from earlier experiments.

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