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– determination 544
– modified 545–546
– Norden 539–544
Effluent
– biological treatment 999
– pulping processes 998
– treatment 1004–1005
Effluent-free mill 1007
Effluent load
– avoiding 999
– mechanical pulp 1138
– temperature effect 865
Effluent volume, open bleaching stage 892
Einstein see Stokes–Einstein model
Electrochemical delignification, alternative
Bleaching methods 887
Electron density distribution
– benzylium cation 409
– carbonium-oxonium ion 417
– phenylpropene unit 2 633
Electron microscopy, fiber morphology 1271
Electron spectroscopy for chemical
Application 1223
Electron-transfer reactions, lignin 170
Electronic structure, dioxygen 642
Electrophilic attack, ozone 790
Electrophilic attack sites, lignin 648
Electrophilic-nucleophilic reactions, (di)oxygen
and derivatives 647–649
Electrostatic precipitator, kraft recovery boiler
Elemental chlorine, redox reaction 736
Elemental chlorine-free bleaching see ECF
Bleaching
Elementary fibrils, cellulose 41
B-elimination, glycosidic bond 177
elimination reactions, lignin 169–170
Ellagic acid, structure 425
EMCC®
– dissolved lignin concentration at different
Digester locations 298
– effect of polysulfide 312
– process steps and flow regime 387
– residual lignin structures 262
– results 297–298
– single-vessel hydraulic digester 386
– technology and equipment 386–388
– yield–kappa number plot 248–249
Emission levels
– aquatic environment 1005
– Tasmanian 1005
Emission limits, selected 1003
EN 643, paper grades 1157
end-groups, reducing 657–660
energy balance, kraft recovery boiler 984–985
Energy consumption, TMP 13
Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy 40, 404
Enol ethers, formation 169
Enolic structures, hydroperoxide formation
Index 1309
Enone, nucleophilic addition 859
entrained air 534–535
– screening operating parameters 579
Environmental aspects
– elemental chlorine 771
– pulp production 997–1008
Enzyme treatment 1049
Epoxides, intramolecular formation 171
equilibria, sulfite chemical pulping 395–403
Equipment
– batch cooking 367–376
– bleaching 613–628
– continuous cooking 377–391
– EMCC® 386–388
– ITC 386–388
– kraft pulping 366–391
– lime cycle 990–991
– Lo-Solids™ cooking 388–390
– MCC 383–386
– parameters 572–575
– pulp washing 547–558
– RDH 372–373
– screening and cleaning 600–606
– specific pulp washing parameters 535–536
– superbatch process 373–374
Equivalent volume, hydrodynamically 1250
Erythronic acid
– content in aldonic acid residues 658
– formation 659
D-erythronic acid, polysaccharide chain
Cleavage 662
ESCA see electron spectroscopy for chemical
Application
Ethanol-benzene, organic solvents 342
Ether
– dissolving pulp applications 1025
– ozone reactions 793
a-O-4 ether, structure 164–165
b-O-4 ether 172–174
– structure 413
Ethoxy-based surfactants 687
O-ethyl-b-d-glucopyranoside 830
– polysaccharide degradation 796
Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid see EDTA
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| Drag force, on settling particle 581 | | | EU packaging directive 1193 |