Exercise 15. Open the brackets using correct tense form and voice.

– The heartbeat (to produce) the pulsation.

– On admission to the clinic the physician (to examine) the patient’s heart.

– The patient’s blood and urine test (to make) the following day.

– The nagging pain in the heart (to relieve) by a tablet of nitroglycerin.

– The pain in his heart (to subside) lately.

– The nurse (to remove) the dressing carefully.

– Dull heart sounds (to determine) by the physician by percussion.

– The nurse already (to give) an injection of the nicotine acid.

Exercise 16. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. The rate of heart contractions are regulated by two groups of nerve fibers.

2. Each beat of the heart is followed by a period of rest for the cardiac muscle.

3. Each cardiac cycle consists of three phases.

4. The period of rest is shorter during greater physical exertion.

5. Physiologists have called the first phase of short contraction of both atria the atrial systole.

6. The rate of the heartbeat depends on different emotions.

7. Scientists have determined that the total weight of the blood is about 10 tons.

8. Research work of many physiologists has given the possibility to estimate the role of the ventricles.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть та вивчіть наступні словосполучення: При напруженні загальна вага скорочення м’язів мале коло кровообігу велике коло кровообігу дослідницька робота серцевий цикл камера серця визначати виділяти кров II. Дайте відповіді на наступні питання: 1. What is systole? 2. What is diastole? 3. What is the cardiac cycle composed of? 4. What is the rate of heart contractions regulated by? 5.How many beats per min does the heart make? III. Поясніть наступні терміни 1. Systole 2. Diastole

BLOOD КРОВ

Text: Blood

Grammar: Emphatic Construction

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 1. Learn the new words:

– erythrocyte	[ɪˈrɪθrəʊˌsaɪt]	еритроцит
– ratio	[ˈreɪʃɪˌəʊ]	співвідношення
– protein	[ˈprəʊtiːn]	білок
– hemoglobin	[ˈhi məˌgloʊ bɪn]	гемоглобін
– leukocyte	['ljuːkəusaɪt]	лейкоцит
– thrombocyte	['θrɒmbə(ʊ)sʌɪt]	тромбоцит
– platelet	['pleɪtlət]	кров'яна пластинка, тромбоцит
– reproduce	[ˌriːprə'djuːs]	відтворюватися
– aqueous	['eɪkwɪəs]	водний
– solution	[sə'luːʃ(ə)n]	розчин
– trace	[treɪs]	незначний
– urea	[juə'riːə]	сечовина
– amino acid	[ə'miːnəʊ 'æsɪd]	амінокислота
– lactic acid	['læktɪk 'æsɪd]	молочна кислота

Exercise 2. Read the word combinations with the new words and translate them into Ukrainian:

2. Erythrocyte: erythrocyte deformation; erythrocyte of normal size; erythrocyte sedimentation rate; sickle erythrocyte.

3. Hemoglobin: total hemoglobin; hemoglobin test; hemoglobin breakdown; adult hemoglobin.

4. Leukocyte: total leukocyte count; peripheral blood leukocytes; cancer of leukocytes; types of leukocytes.

5. Platelet: absolute platelet count; anti-platelet therapy; platelet clot; platelet coagulant activity.

6. Solution: aqueous solution; alcohol solution; nutrient solution; saline solution.

Exercise 3. Give the missing forms, translate them into Ukrainian, some forms may be the same (you may need a dictionary):

VERB	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
produce
		average
compose
		characteristic
	ratio
	function
transport
	infection

Exercise 4. Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian:

Float in blood plasma; an average person; the ratio of cells; formed in the bone marrow; responsible for blood clotting; blood's liquid medium; straw-yellow in color; trace amounts of other materials; circulate dissolved nutrients; proteins bound to plasma; medical terms related to blood.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

Blood

Blood is a reddish bodily fluid that is pumped by the heart through the arteries and veins. It delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the body cells and transports metabolic waste products away from the cells. It is composed of blood cells floating in blood plasma. The blood cells are mainly red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The average person has about 5 liters of blood; it makes up 7 to 8 percent of a person's body weight.

Red blood cells (RBCs), or erythrocytes, are the most numerous cells in the blood. In men, there are about 5,200,000 RBCs per cubic millimeter (microliter), and in women there are nearly 4,600,000 RBCs per cubic millimeter. The ratio of cells in normal blood is 600 RBCs for each white blood cell and 40 platelets. RBCs have no nuclei. The primary function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body. RBCs have an iron-containing protein called hemoglobin. It is hemoglobin that actually carries the oxygen and gives blood its red color. Besides carrying oxygen to the cells of the body, the RBCs help to remove carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the body.

White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes, are a part of the immune system and help human bodies fight infection. It is leucocytes that can be transported to an area where an infection has developed. In a normal adult body there are 4,000 to 10,000 WBCs per microliter of blood. When the number of WBCs in the human blood increases, this is a sign of an infection somewhere in the body.

Thrombocytes, also called platelets, are responsible for blood clotting (coagulation). There are approximately 150,000 to 400,000 platelets in each microliter of blood. Platelets are formed in the bone marrow. They do not have a nucleus and do not reproduce.

Plasma is a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium. It is straw-yellow in color. It is plasma that makes 55% of blood. The blood plasma volume totals of 2.7–3.0 liters (2.8–3.2 quarts) in an average human. It is essentially an aqueous solution containing 92% water, 8% blood plasma proteins, and trace amounts of other materials. Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins), and removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid.

Medical terms related to blood often begin with hemo- or hemato- (also spelled haemo- and haemato-) from the Greek word “ haima ” for "blood".

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions:

1. What is blood?

2. What is blood composed of?

3. What kinds of blood cells are there?

4. How much blood does the average person have?

5. What are the functions of red blood cells?

6. What is the function of white blood cells?

7. What is the function of platelets?

8. What is blood plasma?

Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations into English:

Рідина тіла; виводити відходи з клітин; кров’яні клітини; численні клітини; співвідношення клітин; боротися з інфекцією; первинна функція; залізовмісний білок; виводити вуглекислий газ; згортання крові; рідке середовище; об'єм плазми крові; водний розчин; білки плазми крові; незначна кількість; жирна кислота.

Exercise 8. Match the terms with their definitions:

1. blood	a. a blood cell that engulfs and digests bacteria and fungi; an important part of the body's immune system
2. erythrocyte	b. any of the numerous small, round cell fragments found in the blood that function in the clotting of blood.
3. leucocyte	c. the pale yellow or gray-yellow, protein-containing fluid portion of the blood in which the blood cells and platelets are normally suspended.
4. platelet	d. the bodily fluid consisting of plasma, blood cells, and platelets that is circulated by the heart through the vertebrate vascular system, carrying oxygen and nutrients to and waste materials away from all body tissues.
5. blood plasma	e. an iron-containing protein in red blood cells, that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body.
6. hemoglobin	f. a blood cell that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, combined with the red pigment hemoglobin, to and from the tissues.
1.	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.

Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps with the missing words/word combinations given below:

blood platelets; serum; hemoglobin; float; red blood cells; blood plasma; erythropoetin; carbon dioxide

1. During childhood, almost every human bone produces ….

2. … is the principal determinant of the color of blood.

3. … contains glucose and other dissolved nutrients.

4. Without …, you would bleed to death.

5. A hormone called … regulates the production of erythrocytes.

6. … enters the blood in the capillaries and is brought back to the lungs.

7. When plasma is allowed to clot, the fluid left behind is called ….

8. Erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets … in plasma.

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