Imagery in Translation. to the first collectors of the Indian stories when they were regis­tered in English in the 19th century

to the first collectors of the Indian stories when they were regis­tered in English in the 19^th century. Back then such formulas as "medicine," "spirit," "power," "mystery" were used to somehow represent the untranslatable original words for ideas of the sacred and supernatural in the Native Americans' mythical picture of the world. For example, the Algonquin word manitou meant many things at once: it was a supernatural force, an unknown power or ability, a magic feature, an invisible cause of life and movement; it is usually associated with both breath and mystery. Actually, manitou is what makes things alive and be as they are to prove their oneness; among the living beings and in the real world man­itou may be specially concentrated in some people (medicine men) or animals, birds and even lakes, mountains, herbs or other ob­jects. Such a concentrated ability was called orenda. Among the supernatural beings, concentrated manitou makes wakan, super­natural forces, like water, winds or rocks. When these words were recorded in the process of myth collections, they took different forms in English (spirit, god, power, medicine, mystery, and the like).

Given this, a name like Sweet Medicine is very difficult to translate into Russian: Сладкое Лекарство is not appropriate to imply the associative power of the name of that legendary chief and shaman, an Indian cultural hero; more suitable probably would be combinations like Великий {Вещий) Целитель (Волхв).

Task for comparison:

Spider Rock — Паучий Камень

SPIDER ROCK (Navajo)

Spider Woman possessed supernatural power at the time of creation, when Navajos emerged from the third world into this fourth world.

At the time, monsters roamed the land and killed many people. Since Spider Woman loved the people, she gave power

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for Monster-Slayer and Child-Born-of-Water to search for the Sun-God who was their father. When they found him, Sun-God showed them how to destroy all the monsters on land and in the water.

Because she preserved their people, Navajos established Spider Woman among their most important and honoured Dei­ties.

She chose the top of Spider Rock for her home. It was Spi­der Woman who taught Navajo ancestors of long ago the art of weaving upon a loom. She told them, "My husband, Spider Man, constructed the weaving loom making the crosspoles of sky and earth cords to support the structure; the warp sticks of sun rays, lengthwise to cross the woof; the heads of rock crystal and sheet lightning, to maintain original condition of fibres. For the batten, he chose a sun halo to seal joints, and for the comb he chose a white shell to clean strands in a combing manner." Through many gener­ations, the Navajos have always been accomplished weavers.

From their elders, Navajo children heard warnings that if they did not behave themselves, Spider Woman would let down her web-ladder and carry them up to her home and devour them! The children also heard that the top of Spider Rock was white from the sun-bleached bones of Navajo children who did not brave themselves!

(Comments. Spider Rock stands over 800 feet high in Ari­zona's colourful Canyon de Chelly National Park of the USA. Geologists define the age of the rock as "the forma­tion that began 230 million years ago." Windblown sand swirled and compressed with time created the spectacular red sandstone monolith. Long ago, the Navajo people named it Spider Rock. — Voices of the Winds. Facts on File, 1989.

Spider Woman is one of the most popular mythical heroes among the southern Indians. Her image is partly human, partly magic and partly that of an arachnid. She is usually associated with the sun, fire and mountains. Her effigy is a female doll with a black face and half-moon

Imagery in Translation

eyes, though sometimes she is something like everybody's old Grandmother, Kokjan Wughty, a personage with grey hair and a fearsome face.)

Translated by T. Kazakova:

ПАУЧИЙ КАМЕНЬ (навахо)

Матушка Паучиха обладала могучей сверхъестествен­ной силой в первозданные времена, когда люди навахо из третьего мира возродились в четвертом мире.

В те времена по земле бродили чудовища и убивали людей. Они уничтожили так много народу, что Матушка Па­учиха, которая любила людей навахо, наделила большой си­лой Победителя Чудовищ и Сына Воды, чтобы они разыска­ли своего отца, Духа Солнца. И они нашли его, и Дух Солнца помог им расправиться с чудовищами в воде и на суше.

Благодарные матушке Паучихе, Навахо включили ее в число самых значительных и почитаемых духов.

Она избрала в качестве дома скалу, которая получила название Паучий Камень. Еще в давние времена не кто иной как Матушка Паучиха обучила предков Навахо ткачеству. Она объяснила им: «Мой муж, Паук, изобрел ткацкий станок, со­орудив его из небесных шестов и земляных жил для прочно­сти. Из солнечных лучей он сделал основу, чтобы по ней хо­дил уток; из горного хрусталя и зарницы сделал держатели, чтобы ткань ложилась как можно ровнее. Он скрепил всю конструкцию солнечным ореолом, а для чесала выбрал бе­лую раковину, чтобы как следует прочистить нити.» И вот в течение многих поколений Навахо славятся как искусные ткачи.

Старейшины внушали детям Навахо, чтобы они вели себя как следует, иначе Матушка Паучиха спустит со скалы лестницу-паутину, затянет их наверх и поглотит!

И детвора хорошо усваивала, что белая вершина Пау-

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чьего Камня — это выбеленные солнцем кости непослуш­ных детей, которые плохо себя вели!

EXERCISES FOR COMPARISON

• Study the formulas of time and space in the story. See
which of them are well presented in Russian and which may be
changed.

• Compare the translation of the mythical names like Spi­
der Woman, Monster-Slayer, Sun-God, Spider Rock and others
and think of possible variants for them in Russian. Discuss their
comparative advantages and disadvantages.

• Study the formulas of the sacred world in the text and
examine the substitutes for them in Russian. Think of possible
variants.

• Compare the rhythmic patterns in the source and target
texts and comment upon the similarityand difference.

Task for translation-l: The Water Famine

THE WATER FAMINE (Penobscot)

A long, long time ago, Indians settled up the river. A Mon­ster Frog forbade the Indians the use of water. Some died from thirst. Their Spirit Chief, Gluskabe, came to help them. He saw how sickly his people seemed. He asked them, "What is your trouble?"

"The Monster Frog is killing us with thirst. He forbids us water."

"I will make him give you water," Gluskabe replied. The people went with their Chief to see the Monster Frog. The Chief said to the Monster, "Why do you abuse our grandchildren? You

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