Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps with prepositions from the box below.

Unit 16

MICROBIOLOGY МІКРОБІОЛОГІЯ

Text: MICROBIOLOGY

Grammar: TYPES OF QUESTIONS (Revision). PRONOUNS.

Exercise 1. Learn the following new words:

microbiology stereoscope unicellular multicellular acellular protozoans yeast algae fungi encompass discipline virology mycology parasitology bacteriology biosynthesis Louis Pasteur Robert Koch

['maikrəubai 'ɔləʤi] ['sterɪəskəup] [ju:ni 'seljulə] [mʌlti ' ] [ei ' ] [prəutəu'zəuns] [ji:st] ['ælʤɪ] ['fʌnʤi] [en'kʌmpəs] ['disəplin] [vaiə'rɔləʤɪ] [mai 'kɔləʤɪ] [pærəsai 'tɔləʤɪ] [bæktiəri 'ɔləʤɪ] [baiəu 'sɪnθesis] ['Lu:is Pæs 'tə:] ['Rɔbət Kəuk]

мікробіологія стереоскоп одноклітинний багатоклітинний безклітинний найпростіші дріжджі; морська водорість гриби містити в собі дисципліна вірусологія мікологія паразитологія бактеріологія біосинтез Луїс Пастер Роберт Кох

Exercise 2. Read the following paying attention to the rules of reading

[ əs] – vigor ous, numer ous, fam ous, fibr ous, nervous, ven ous, subcutane ous

[ ɑ: ] – d a nce, pl a nt, gr a nt, adv a ntage, br a nch, adv a nce

[ə ] – c o ntain, c o nsists, c o mprise, c o ncern, c o ntrol, c o rrect, c o mplete

Exercise 3. Study the suffixes and terminology. Read and translate the following words and give more examples of your own:

– ology: study of– (histology, morphology, physiology, ecology…

– bio: life and living things– (biology, biophysics, biorhythms, biopsy…

– micro: very small– (microscope, microscopy, microsurgery, microbes...

– physio: nature and living things – (physician, physics, physiopathology…

Exercise 4. Make Adverbs from Adjectives. Translate them into Ukrainian

Model: slow – slowly (повільний – повільно)

Slow, vigor ous, quick, numer ous, rapid, nervous, general, subcutane ous, intramuscular, common, sharp.

Exercise 5. Give the Plural of the following Nouns:

Example: analysis – analyses, force – forces.

Diagnosis, process, force, analysis, disease, abscess, science, medicine, prognosis, course, neurosis.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the word combinations into your native language:

microscopic organisms; scientific study; controlling activities; numerous sub-disciplines; disease-causing microorganisms; harmful effects; channeling the activities; to benefit medicine; produce antibiotics; the branches of microbiology; pure and applied sciences; advances made in physics; the practical usefulness; the improvement of health; treatment options; outbreaks of disease; species and their properties, to examine under a stereoscope.

Exercise 7. Match the terms with their explanations:

1.stereoscope 2.microbiology 3.virology 4.mycology 5.parasitology 6.bacteriology 7.biosynthesis

a)the branch of medicine concerned with the study of viruses and the diseases they cause; b)the formation of complex compounds from simple substances by living organisms; c)an optical instrument for viewing two-dimensional pictures and giving them an illusion of depth and relief.; d)the branch of biology involving the study of microorganisms; e)the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi; f)the branch of biology that is concerned with the study of parasites; g)the branch of science concerned with the study of bacteria.

Exercise 8: Read and translate the text:

Microbiology

Microbiology is the scientific study of microscopic organisms, either unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells) including protozoans, yeasts, algae, molds, microscopic fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Microbiology is concerned with the structure, function, and classification of these organisms and with ways of controlling and using their activities.

Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, mycology, parasitology, and bacteriology. Its foundations were established in the later 19th century, with the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. Since then, many disease-causing microorganisms have been identified and means of controlling their harmful effects have been developed. In addition, means of channeling the activities of various microorganisms to benefit medicine, industry, and agriculture have been discovered. Molds, for example, produce antibiotics, notably penicillin.

Modern microbiology. The branches of microbiology can be classified into pure and applied sciences. Both general microbiology and its specialized branches are developing extremely vigorously. There are three fundamental reasons for such development. First, microbiology has had the advantage of a large number of new methods of research, through advances made in physics, chemistry, and engineering. Second, the practical usefulness of microorganisms has increased sharply since the 1940’s. Third, microorganisms are being used to solve some of the most important theoretical problems of biology, such as heredity and variability, the biosynthesis of organic compounds, and metabolic regulation.

Medical microbiology related to applied sciences is a branch of medicine concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. There are four kinds of microorganisms that cause infectious disease; bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. In addition, this field of science studies various clinical applications of microbes for the improvement of health as well.

A microbiologist examining cultures under a stereoscope.

A medical microbiologist studies the characteristics of pathogens, their modes of transmission, mechanisms of infection and growth. Using this information a treatment can be devised. Medical microbiologists often serve as consultants for physicians, providing identification of pathogens and suggesting treatment options. They may also assist in preventing or controlling epidemics and outbreaks of disease. Not all medical microbiologists study microbial pathology; some study common, non-pathogenic species to determine whether their properties can be used to develop antibiotics or other treatment methods.

Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps with prepositions from the box below.

Microbiological culture is the primary method used for isolating infectious disease for study _______the laboratory. Tissue or fluid samples are tested for the presence of a specific pathogen, which is determined ________ growth in a selective or differential medium.

The 3 main types of media used for testing are:

· Solid culture: A solid surface is created using a mixture of nutrients, salts and agar. A single microbe on an agar plate can then grow into colonies (clones where cells are identical to each other) containing thousands ________ cells. These are primarily used bacteria and fungi.

· Liquid culture: Cells are grown inside a liquid media. Microbial growth is determined by the time taken for the liquid to form a colloidal suspension. This technique is used _________ diagnosing parasites and detecting mycobacteria.

· Cell Culture: Human or animal cell cultures are infected with the microbe of interest. These cultures are then observed to determine the effect this new microbe has _______ the cell. This technique is used for identifying viruses.

for; in; by; on; of

Exercise 10. Complete the sentences:

Microscopy

The previously mentioned ….. will often rely on microscopic examination for identification of the microbe. Instruments such as … can be used to assess critical aspects of the organism. This can be performed immediately after the sample is taken from the patient and is used in conjunction with biochemical staining techniques, allowing for resolution of cellular features. …. are also used for observing microbes in greater detail.

Electron microscopes and fluorescence microscopes; culture techniques; compound light microscopes

Exercise 11. Find corresponding equivalents:

Багатоклітинні мікроорганізми; мікроскопічні гриби; класифікація організмів; містити в собі: ті, що викликають хворобу; шкідлива дія; напрямки діяльності різноманітних мікроорганізмів; в інтересах медицини; галузь медицини; теоретична та прикладна наука; спадковість і мінливість; біосинтез органічних сполук; поліпшення здоров'я; шляхи передачі інфекції; пропонуючи варіанти лікування; спалах захворювань; звичайні, непатогенні види та їх властивості.

Exercise 12*. Fill in the gaps with the words and word-combinations from the box:

There are various ways in which disease can be transmitted between individuals. These include:

1. -Touching an infected host, including sexual contact

2. -Touching a contaminated surface

3. - Coughing or sneezing

4. -Ingesting contaminated food or water sources

5. - Pathogen carrying spores

6. -An organism that does not cause disease itself but transmits infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another

7. -Nosocomial (originating in hospital) infections

Environmental; Fecal–oral route; Vector transmission; Direct contact; Droplet contact; Indirect contact; Airborne (through the air) transmission

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