Task 6. Skim the text and tell what the general idea of the text is.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Unit 2

Task 1. In pairs answer the following questions:

1. What does “a solid waste collection system” include?

2. Where is the waste collected and picked up in your district?

3. How often is the waste picked up?

4. Do you think home sep­aration of various materials for recovery to be effective and economically proved?

Task 2. Pay attention to the correct pronunciation of the following words.

frequency	['fri:kwqnsi]
residue residium = residual (n)	['rezidju:] or [re’zidjH] [ri’zidjuqm] or [ri’zidjuql]

Task 3. Learn new words and phrases.

crew	бригада
to implement	внедрять
to incinerate	сжигать
recovery of wastes	восстановление отходов
to affect	влиять, действовать, воздействовать

Task 4. Translate the following words and phrases.

pickup	- alley - backyard - curbside - set-out/ set-back	to pick up
transfer station
landfill
processing

Task 5. Make up your own sentences using words and phrases from the tasks 2, 3, 4.

Task 6. Skim the text and tell what the general idea of the text is.

***

As it was mentioned above decisions in solid waste management policy formulation must be made in four basic areas: collection, transport, processing, and disposal.

In designing a solid waste collection system, one of the first decisions to be made is where the waste will be picked up or how the solid waste container will get from the residence to the collection vehicle. The three basic methods are: 1) curbside or alley pickup, 2) set-out, set-back collection, and 3) backyard pickup or the tote barrel method. This is an im­portant decision because it affects many other collection variables, including choice of storage containers, crew size, and the selection of collection trucks.

Another key decision is frequency of collection and the choice is between a once-a-week curbside collection and a twice-a-week backyard service.

The choice of solid waste storage containers must be evaluated in terms of both environmental effects and costs.

Another factor to be considered in examining storage alternatives is home sep­aration of various materials for recovery. The collection of materials for recovery is a growing practice that many cities are implementing. The technique of greater interest to municipal decision makers is home separation and collection by either the regular collection truck equipped with special bins or by separate trucks.

The distance between the disposal site and the center of the city will determine the advisability of including a transfer station in the transport system. In addition to distance traveled to the disposal site, the time required for the transport is a key factor, especially in traffic-congested large cities.

The sheer quantities of solid waste to be disposed of daily makes the problem of what to do with the waste, once it has been collected, among the most difficult prob­lems confronting community officials.

There are three basic alternatives for disposal. They are: 1) direct disposal of unprocessed waste in a sanitary landfill, 2) processing of waste followed by land disposal, and 3) processing of waste to re­cover resources (materials and/or energy) with subsequent disposal of the residues. Most municipal solid waste is landfilled, but the amount landfilled waste is declining. Some of the waste is incin­erated. And the main objective is an increase in waste incineration and a decrease in landfilling.

An additional consideration is the environmental benefit that might be de­rived from the volume reduction process. In some cases, shredding and baling may reduce the chances for water pollution from leachate. This alternative is more conserving of land than sanitary landfilling of unprocessed wastes, but by itself pro­vides no opportunity for material or energy recovery.

The third category of disposal alternatives includes those processes that recover energy or materials from solid waste and leave only a residue for ultimate land disposal. There are significant capital and operating costs associated with all these energy and/or materials recovery systems. However, if markets are available, both energy and materials can be sold to reduce the net costs of recovery.

While resource recovery techniques may be more costly than other disposal alternatives, they do achieve the goal of resource conservation, and the residuals of the processes require much less space for land disposal than unprocessed wastes.

Affecting all four major functions are basic decisions regarding how the solid waste system will be managed and operated. This includes how the system will be financed, which level of government will administer it, and whether a public agency or private firm will operate the collection, transport, processing, and disposal functions. The criteria most relevant for making these decisions are the institutional factors of political feasibility and legislative constraints.

Дата добавления: 2015-10-29