Femur circumference measurement

Femur circumference is measured on prominent part of buttocks, and the tape is held horizontally around the perineum.

The nature of fat tissue deposit is determined by the ratio of the waist circumference to femur circumference, in women normal rate is 0, 85 < in men < 1,0. The rate – femur circumference more than waist circumference, obesity - femur circumference is less waist circumference (pic. 41).

Picture 41.

The ratio of the waist circumference femure circumference

Thermometry

Human body temperature is an index of body thermal status, rate of energy metabolism in the body and remains relatively constant. The ability to keep the temperature at a constant level is ensured by interrelated processes of generation of heat and heat elimination from the body to the outside environment. If the generation of heat is equal to heat elimination, then the body temperature remains constant. If the process of heat production dominates over the process of thermolysis that perform the heat exhaustion up to thermoplegia. If the process of thermolysis dominates over the heat production, the frigorism of body begins.

In thermoregulation takes part nervous and humoral mechanisms. Environmental temperature fluctuations effect on thermo receptors, impulses from which enter the brain and activate the center of thermoregulation, located in the region of the hypothalamus. The excitation of this center leads to change of thermal production and thermolysis and body temperature remains constant. Among the newborns and infants thermoregulation has not formed (thermolysis dominates over heat production).

Different parts of the body have different temperatures. The lowest temperature of the skin have hands and feet, the highest has the muscular cavity, where it is usually to determine it. In a healthy person, the temperature in this region is 36.2 -36.9° C. At measurement of the rectum, the normal can be considered an operating temperature of up to 37.5° C. During the day, there are small vicissitudes of human body temperature in accordance with circadian rhythm: minimum temperature indicated 2-4 hours at night, maximum — at 16-19 h.

Evaluation of results of body temperature:

· Hypothermia is below than 36° C

· Normal rage is 36.0-36.9° C

· Sub febrile from 37.1 to 37.9° C

· Febrile from 38.0 to 39.0° C

· Pyrectic (high), from 39.1 to 40.9° C

· Hyperpyretic (extremely high) from 41° C and above.

· Lethal temperature (the temperature at which death occurs) is 43°C.

· Lethal minimum temperature is 15-23%.

Violation of thermoregulation is observed when the fever accompanying inflammatory and infectious diseases, blood circulation disorders (in warm weather, the old people complain of chills, especially a feeling of coldness in lumbus and legs), age-related changes in the endocrine system (during the menopause many women experience hot flashes), alcohol use.

Fever (hyperthermia, overheating) is a condition characterized by the and heat content of the body is a sign of a fever. Fever is disease process, which is based on the active function of thermoregulation restructuring under the influence of the pyrogenic factor (microorganisms, foreign protein). Fever and hyperthermia are the typical pathological processes, a common feature of which is to increase the body temperature. The main difference is that when the fever temperature of the body is not dependent on the ambient temperature. In case of hyperthermia, there is a direct relationship. The biological value of fever is a protective-adaptive reaction, and hyperthermia is a floor, a violation of thermoregulation, hence the different concepts of disease management.

In nature, there are daily temperature fluctuations of several fever types (fig. 42).

1. In constant fever (febris continua) temperature body is usually high, in the range 39 °, held for a few days or weeks to fluctuations within 1 °. Occurs in acute infectious diseases: typhus, lobar pneumonia, etc.

2. Remittent fever (febris remittent) is characterized by significant daily fluctuations of body temperature (up to 2° or more), occurs in case of suppurative diseases.

3. Intermittent fever (febris intermittens) is characterized by a sharp rise in body temperature to 39-40° or more and a decline in the short term to normal and even subnormal numbers; 1-2-3 days after a similar rise and fall are repeated. Characteristic of malaria.

4.Hectic, or depleting (exhausting) fever (febris hectica) is characterized by daily range of temperature in body temperature (more than 3°) and a sharp drop to normal and subnormal numbers, with large temperature fluctuations than remittent fever; occurs in case of septic conditions and severe forms of of tuberculosis (Fig. 4).

Figure 42

Types of temperature curves

5. Perverted fever (febris inversa). Morning temperatures is above than evening, appears to occur in tuberculosis, prolonged sepsis, prognostically unfavorable.

6. Atypical (incorrect) fever (febris athypica) occurs more frequently. Daily fluctuations in body temperatures are different, duration is not defined. Observed for rheumatism, pneumonia, dysentery, influenza.

7. Recurrent fever (febris recurrens). Body temperature rises immediately to the high figures, holds on these values for several days, then drops back to normal. After a while the fever is back and once again gives the way to remission (febrile seizures happen more, up to 4-5). This type of fever is characteristic for some spirochetosis (reccurent fever, etc.).

8. Undulant fever (febris undulans). Gradually day-by-day temperature elevation increase with the similar nature of the decrease. There may be several waves lifting and decrease of temperature differs from the recurrent fever with the gradual rise and decrease of temperature. Occurs in case of brucellosis and other diseases.

Body temperature usually measure by medical thermometer (thermometer). There are the following types of thermometers: mercury, electronic or digital, infrared.

Дата добавления: 2015-10-29