VII. Translate the sentences from English into Russian. 1. The teenager has been given leave (= allowed) by the High Court to appeal againsther two-year sentence.

1. The teenager has been given leave (= allowed) by the High Court to appeal against her two-year sentence.

2. Hebrew aguna (“deserted woman”) in Orthodox and Conservative Judaism, a woman who is presumed to be widowed but who cannot remarry because evidence of her husband’s death does not satisfy legal requirements.

3. Prior to the 1970s the term child abuse normally referred to only physical mistreatment, but since then its application has expanded to include, in addition to inordinate physical violence, unjustifiable verbal abuse; the failure to furnish proper shelter, nourishment, medical treatment, or emotional support; incest and other cases of sexual molestation or rape; and the use of children in prostitution or pornography.

4. Corporal punishments include flogging, beating, branding, mutilation, blinding, and the use of the stock and pillory. In a broad sense, the term also denotes the physical disciplining of children in the schools and at home.

5. In 1491, despite Austrian and English opposition, the Beaujeus concluded the marriage of Charles VIII with Anne of Brittany, which joined the domains of Brittany with the crown. When Charles freed himself from tutelage, however, his former guardians were exposed to the wrath of the new queen, whose duchy’s independence had been compromised.

VIII. Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

abolished; abuse; charge; confidence; custody; degrading; detention; divorce; fair; gained; in custody; inhuman; injunctions; intimidation; living; offenses; standard; to do wrong; wrongdoing

1. In the United States any suspect who is being interrogated

must be offered the services of a lawyer, at the expense of the state if he cannot afford to pay, and failure to advise the suspect of this right (known as the Miranda warnings, after the case of Miranda v. Arizona) results in the rejection of a confession as evidence.

2. Belonging to this first generation, thus, are rights such as those set forth in Articles 2–21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, including freedom from gender, racial, and equivalent forms of discrimination; the right to life, liberty, and security of the person; freedom from slavery or involuntary servitude; freedom from torture and from cruel,, or

treatment or punishment; freedom from arbitrary arrest,

, or exile; the right to a and public trial; freedom

from interference in privacy and correspondence; freedom of movement and residence; the right to asylum from persecution; freedom of thought, conscience, and religion; freedom of opinion and expression; freedom of peaceful assembly and association; and the right to participate in government, directly or through free elections.

3. The catalog of rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted without dissent by the General Assembly on December 10, 1948, is scarcely less than the sum of most of the important traditional political and civil rights of national constitutions and legal systems, including equality before the law… Also enumerated are such economic, social, and cultural rights as the right to work, the right to form and join trade unions, the right to rest and leisure, the right to a of

adequate for health and well-being, and the right to education.

4. Amerigo Vespucci was the son of Nastagio, a notary. In 1479 he accompanied another relation, sent by the famous Italian family of Medici to be their spokesman to the king of France. On returning, Vespucci entered the “bank” of Lorenzo and Giovanni di Pierfrancesco de’ Medici and

the of his employers.

5. Though Socrates (5th century BC) never taught directly, his whole activity rested on two unshakable premises: (1) the principle never

nor to participate, even indirectly, in any and (2) the conviction that nobody who really knows what is good and right could act against it.

6. In cases the situation is often a de facto one: separation of the parents has taken place some time before the legal proceedings, and the child is already in the of one of them, so that the divorce decree may do no more than regularize in law what has already happened in fact.

7. Hence, in a case of armed robbery, the U.S. prosecutor may

the suspect with armed robbery, simple robbery, assault, simple theft, or any combination of these.

8. In July 1999, however, the Florida Supreme Court outlawed the state’s use of the death penalty against 16-year-olds, and Montana the death penalty for those who were under 18 at the time of their crimes.

9. By the end of the 14th century the Court of Chancery in England had begun to grant as a remedy for the inadequacy of decisions in the common-law courts.

10. During the furor that ensued, more evidence came to light that prisoners held by the U.S. in various locations had been beaten, sexually assaulted, deprived of sleep and medical attention, frightened by dogs, and subjected to other forms of, humiliation, and.

IX. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions from the box.

in (4); of (4); on (2); to (2); before; from; out; with

1. Another argument favouring family courts is that a high proportion of family proceedings are noncontentious or undefended; for example, proceedings concerning adoption and children in need of care normally require not so much the application of law as an inquiry into what is the best interests the child.

2. the state and federal courts, each party has a specified number of peremptory challenges. After they are used, a party is required to furnish a reason why he or she thinks a particular person should not be allowed to serve the jury.

3. Since 1969 (in Mala ŵ i traditional law), criminal cases involving witchcraft or local superstition, for which the death penalty can be imposed, have been tried the traditional courts instead the High Court.

4. Affidavits generally name the place of execution and certify that the person making it states certain facts and appeared the officer on a certain date and “subscribed and swore” to the statement.

5. But the Gold Coast’s first general election (Feb. 8, 1951) demonstrated the support the CPP (Convention People’s Party) had already won. Elected to Parliament, Kwame Nkrumah was released prison to become leader of government business and, in 1952, prime minister of the Gold Coast (now Ghana).

6. The general welfare obviously includes elements such as health, housing, education, and economic opportunity as well as economic growth. This concern with the qualitative aspects of economic growth has left its mark upon the objectives written into the economic plans, which increasingly spell

general social aims.

7. Divorce was repealed in 1816 after Napoleon’s fall and the restoration of the monarchy, and it was not reintroduced until 1884. From 1884 to 1975, divorce was permitted only the grounds adultery, conviction of a serious crime, and cruelty.

8. The United Nations is concerned issues human rights, including the rights of women and children, refugee resettlement, and narcotics control.

9. In Shimoda v. Japan (1983), a Japanese court held that the use of atomic weapons against Nagasaki and Hiroshima was contrary international law, not merely because of the type of weapon used but because bombardment, by any means, of the civilian population of those two cities was contrary the Hague Conventions of 1907.

10. The Prince has not appeared public since the announcement of his divorce.

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