Outside assistance

Small business owners have learned that they need outside consulting advice early in the process. This is especially true of legal, tax, and accounting advice, but may also be true of marketing, finance, and other areas. Most small firms cannot afford to hire such experts as employees, so they have to turn to outside assistance.

A good certified public accountant (CPA) can help make decisions such as whether to buy or lease equipment and whether to own or rent the building. Help may also be provided for tax planning, financial forecasting, choosing sources of finances and writing up requests for funds.

Another necessary and invaluable aid is a competent, experienced lawyer - one who knows and understands small business. Sometimes partners forget agreements unless the contract is written up by a lawyer and signed. Lawyers can help in a variety of matters including leases, contracts, protection against liabilities, and more.

Marketing decisions should be made long before a product is produced and stored. An inexpensive marketing research study may help determine where to locate and whom to select as your target market. Thus a marketing consultant with small business experience is also valuable.

Two other very useful experts are a commercial loan officer and an insurance agent. The commercial loan officer can help you design an acceptable business plan and give you valuable financial advice as well as loan you money when you need it. An insurance agent will explain all the risks associated with small business and how to cover them most efficiently with insurance and other means.

In fact, much of the expertise could come from one small-business consultant who knows marketing, accounting and some law. It is wise to seek a lawyer, in any case. In short, small businesses need expert outside assistance in areas such as accounting, finance, and legal matters, and such assistance should be obtained as soon as possible, before any major decisions are made, including whether the business should be started or not.

2) Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1. What kinds of advice do beginners in business need most of all?

2. What matters does a CPA deal with?

3. What does "a competent lawyer" in this text mean?

4. What ought to be done before starting the manufacture of goods?

5. Who can help a businessman who wants to borrow money?

6. What expert is essential for a firm, according to the text?

КЛЮЧІ

ЦИКЛ І. МОДАЛЬНІ ДІЄСЛОВА

ЕТАП І

Вправа 1(с.7)

1 – 13

2 – 2

3 – 3

4 – 10

5 – 18

6 – 1

7 – 16

8 – 12

9 – 15

10 – 14

11 – 9

12 – 8

13 – 17

14 – 4

15 – 6

16 – 7

17 – 5

18 – 11

ЕТАП ІІ

Вправа 2 (с.10)

1. He could ride a bicycle when he was 3.

2. His daughter can read already.

3. She can swim a kilometre. Or: She is able to swim a kilometre.

4. Her parents have been able to come.

5. I can sing and dance.

6. We managed to finish the work by Monday. Or: We were able to finish the work by Monday.

7. I don't think he could understand their conversation.

8. You will be able to speak English if you practise every day.

9. From where we were we could hear every word.

10. I am sure I will be able to do it myself.

11. The athlete was able to lift the weight only after the second attempt. Or: The athlete managed to lift the weight only after the second attempt.

12. Cats can see in the darkness. Or: Cats are able to see in the darkness.

13. I could play the violin when I was a boy.

14. Last week Tom managed to beat Jim. Or: Last week Tom was able to beat Jim.

Вправа 3 (c.10)

1. Ann can ski.

2. In a year you will be able to swim like a fish.

3. I can type 50 words a minute. Or: I am able to type 50 words a minute.

4. We could smell coffee from the kitchen.

5. Jack was a good tennis-player. He could beat anyone.

6. Once he had a very tough game with Michael but he managed to win. Or:... but he was able to win.

7. At last we have been able to solve this problem!

8. He managed to convince everybody at the meeting. Or: He was able to convince everybody at the meeting.

9. When my mother was a girl, she could swim across the river.

10. I can read this book within a night. Or: I am able to read this book within a night.

11. I hope you will be able to get tickets for this flight.

12. We managed to get to the station on time. Or: We were able to get to the station on time.

13. I am glad you could remember this case.

14. These students can cheer up anyone. Or: These students are able to cheer up anyone.

Вправа 4 (c.11)

1 - managed to

2 - could

3 - managed to

4 - could

5 - managed to

6 - could

Вправа 6 (c.12)

1. My sister couldn't swim until she was 12 year old.

2. He can't speak English well.

3. I can't play volleyball.

4. He couldn't meet us yesterday. Or: He did not manage to meet us yesterday.

5. She won't be able to help you with this problem.

6. A year ago, I could not translate such a text without a dictionary.

7. A human being can't live without air.

8. I'm afraid George won't be able to work very well in his new position.

Вправа 7 (c.13)

1. I am sorry I didn't manage to come to you yesterday. Or: I am sorry I couldn't come to you yesterday.

2. Unfortunately, my friend can't come in time.

3. I can read but I can't speak Italian.

4. Last year the sportswoman couldn't perform this element of the programme.

5. My friends won't be able to go on an excursion with us.

6. His daughter couldn't play the piano until she was 10.

7. I am afraid Ann won't be able to skate as well as Kate can.

8. Dogs can't climb trees.

Вправа 8 (c.13)

1 - be able to

2 - can't

3 - can

4 - can

5 - be able to

6 - been able to

7 - be able to

Вправа 10 (c.15)

1. She could read when she was four, couldn't she? - Yes, she could.

2. Did you manage to repair the car? - Unfortunately, I didn't. Or: Were you able to repair the car? - Unfortunately, I wasn't.

3. Will you be able to write the letter by Monday? - Yes, I will.

4. You've been able to read the book, haven't you? - Yes, I have.

5. Kate will be able to book tickets for the flight, won't she? - I hope she will.

6. When will they be able to fix the computer? - The day after tomorrow.

7. Can he buy some books for us? - I am afraid, he can't.

8. He can draw, can't he? - I don't think so.

9. You can't come tomorrow, can you? - Yes, I can.

10. Have you ever been able to speak French? - Yes, I have. Until I was 5 I lived in France.

11. Tom won't be able to help us, will he? - Unfortunately, he won't.

12. Can you develop computer programs? - No, I can't.

13. Could your sister swim in her childhood? - No, she couldn't.

14. Who can answer this question? - I can.

Вправа 11 (c.16)

1. When will Tom be able to bring me his report? - On Monday.

2. Jack has been able to buy a new house, hasn't he? - Yes, he has.

3. Can he speak Italian? - Yes, he can.

4. Your brother can help me with mathematics, can't he? - Yes, he can.

5. Have you ever been able to dance? - Unfortunately, I haven't.

6. Will she be able to do this task by the week-end? - I am afraid, she won't.

7. Was she able to finish her report? - Fortunately, she was.

8. Will you be able to find their house? - I hope I/we will.

9. You brother could speak French then, couldn't he? - I don't think so.

10. We will be able to win the Olympiad, won't we? - Of course, we will.

11. Where can I book a ticket? - At the booking-office.

12. His wife has never been able to cook, has she? - I think she hasn't.

13. Your brother can't drive a car, can he? - Yes, he can!

14. Your father won't be able to come tomorrow, will he? - Unfortunately, he won't.

ЕТАП ІІІ

Вправа 2 (c.18)

1. We may go to parties. Or: We can go to parties. Or: We are allowed to go to parties. Or: We are permitted to go to parties.

2. He could listen to music every evening.

3. He can take my car. Or: He may take my car.

4. You can write them a letter if you want. Or: You may write them a letter if you want.

5. I was allowed to go by plane. Or: I was permitted to go by plane.

6. You can call me any time. Or: You may call me any time.

7. She can invite him to my birthday party. Or: She may invite him to my birthday party.

8. They can use our office to hold a meeting. Or: They may use our office to hold a meeting.

9. I am allowed to use the car. Or: I am permitted to use the car. Or: I may use the car. Or: I can use the car.

10. They will be allowed to go to the country. Or: They will be permitted to go to the country.

11. The child will be allowed to go for a walk. Or: The child will be permitted to go for a walk.

12. The girl may play in the yard. Or: The girl can play in the yard. Or: The girl is allowed to play in the yard. Or: The girl is permitted to play in the yard.

Вправа 4 (c.19)

1. We can't smoke or chew gum. Or: We may not smoke or chew gum. Or: We are not allowed to smoke or chew gum.

2. She will not be allowed to travel by car.

3. You can't park here. Or: You may not park here. Or: You are not allowed to park here.

4. We were not allowed to go to the party.

5. The boy was not allowed to invite his friends to his birthday party.

6. They were not allowed to wear anything fashionable or colourful.

Вправа 6 (c.21)

1. Can I pay by credit card? Or: May I pay by credit card? - Certainly.

2. Can we take these books? Or: May we take these books? – Yes, of course.

3. Will we be allowed to use a fridge? - Yes, you will.

4. Can she go for a walk with us? Or: May she go for a walk with us? - Unfortunately, she can't / may not. She has a bad cough.

5. How much alcohol can passengers bring in? Or: How much alcohol may passengers bring in? Or: How much alcohol are passengers allowed to bring in? - One bottle.

6. Can I ask you two or three questions? Or: May I ask you two or three questions? - Certainly.

7. Can I take the car tonight? Or: May I take the car tonight? - I'm sorry but I need it.

8. Will they be allowed to call us? - Yes, of course.

9. Can I smoke here? Or: May I smoke here? - I'm afraid you can't / may not.

10. Are passengers allowed to use their personal computers? - No, they aren't.

11. Can I tell him about it? Or: May I tell him about it? - I don't think so.

12. Can I use your telephone? Or: May I use your telephone? - Sure.

Вправа 8 (c.22)

1. Will / Can / Could / Would you sign the register, please? - OK.

2. Can / Could I have your ticket, please? - Yes, here it is.

3. Could / Would you open the door, please? - Yes, of course.

4. Will / Can you fasten your seat belt, please? - Yes, of course.

5. Can / Could I have the menu, please? - Certainly.

6. Can / Will you wake me up at 7 o'clock tomorrow? - OK.

7. Will / Can / Could / Would you clean my suit, please? - I will.

8. Can / Could I have your tray please, madam? - Yes. Here you are.

9. Could / Would you turn off the TV, please? - Yes, of course.

10. Can / Could I have some stamps, please? - Here you are.

Вправа 9 (c.22)

1. Can / Could I try on this dress? - Certainly.

2. Can / Could we have the bill, please? - Here it is.

3. Can / Could you show the way to the airport? - Of course.

4. Will / Can / Could / Would you change some traveller's cheques, please? - Sure.

5. Can / Could I have some coffee, please? - Here you are.

6. Will / Can you lend me some money, please? - Unfortunately, I haven't got any with me.

7. Will / Can you drive me to the station tomorrow, please? - I'm afraid I'll be busy.

8. Can / Could I have a seat near the window? - OK.

9. Can / Could you tell me where the shoe department is, please? - Sure. It's on the second floor.

10. Can / Could I have another plastic bag? - Here you are.

ЕТАП IV

Вправа 3 (c.22)

1. Let's go to the restaurant! - That's a good idea!

2. Would you like to order some wine? - Yes. Can I see the wine list?

3. Why don't we order some ice cream? – That’s a good idea.

4. Shall I bring you the bill? - Yes, please.

5. Wait a minute! I'll bring you some mineral water.

6. Shall / Can I help you to choose the colour of the dress? - Yes, please.

7. Would you like to dance? - I'd love to.

8. Shall we meet at 7 p.m.? - That's fine.

Вправа 4 (c.26)

1. Shall / Can I make another cup of tea for you? - No, thanks.

2. Have a rest! I'll do the washing-up.

3. Let's go home. It's late.

4. Why don't we take the dog for a walk? - No, I don't feel like going for a walk.

5. Would you like to go to the cinema? - I can't, I'm afraid.

6. Let's stay at home and watch a video. - Fine.

7. Why don't we go swimming? - That would be lovely!

8. Shall we take a taxi? - Unfortunately, I have no money.

Вправа 5 (c.26) (Відповіді можуть бути дещо іншими).

1. Let's wait until the next financial year. - OK.

2. Shall we organize a leaving party for Mr Simpson? - That would be lovely!

3. Why don't you prepare for the interview carefully? - I'll try.

4. Would you like to share a taxi to the station? - That's fine.

Вправа 6 (c.26)

1 - c	5 - f
2 - e	6 - g
3 - h	7 - d
4 - a	8 - b

ЕТАП V

Вправа 1 (c.29)

1 - a

2 - в

3 - a

4 - a

5 - д

6 - в

7 - б

8 - а

9 - а

10 - г

Вправа 3 (c.31)

1. You must do this homework very carefully.

2. I can't go to the cinema tomorrow. I have to go to the dentist.

3. Mother says you have to tidy the room before you go for a walk.

4. The train from Kyiv is to arrive on the first platform.

5. Tell Sashko that he must come to me tomorrow.

6. I have to take the dog for a walk every morning.

7. Our company has had to finance this project since 1999.

8. Kate is to call me after 8 o'clock.

9. Men have to wear a shirt and tie to go into a posh restaurant.

10. I think you must work harder.

Вправа 4 (c.31)

1. Nurses have to wear a uniform.

2. I am to meet Nick near the Central Post Office.

3. Your sister must take part in the conference.

4. Go to bed! We have to get up early tomorrow.

5. I am thirsty. I must have a drink of water.

6. The doctor says I have to drink lots of water.

7. The conference is to open at 10 a.m.

8. Instruction in the office: " All visitors must report to Reception".

9. He has to drive a thousand kilometres a week in his job.

10. They have had to stay in this hotel since 1995.

Вправа 7 (c.32)

1. I'll have to see the doctor tomorrow.

2. She had to take a taxi not to be late for work.

3. You will have to pass exams to enter the Institute.

4. She had to translate this article without a dictionary.

5. I was to meet Kate at noon.

6. First of all, he will have to report to the secretary.

7. The train to Odessa was to leave at 10.20.

8. Three doctors had to examine the patient.

Вправа 8 (c.33)

1. You will have to meet the delegation at the station tomorrow.

2. We had to run not to miss the train.

3. Kate had to book tickets and make hotel reservation.

4. Pete will have to go shopping.

5. We will have to finish this work by Monday.

6. All guests of the hotel had to give in room keys to the receptionist.

Вправа 10 (c.35)

1. When do you have to / need to be in London? Or: When have you got to be in London? - Before 3.30.

2. Do we have to / need to leave at once? Or: Have we got to leave at once? - Certainly.

3. What time did he have to be in the office? - At 8 o'clock in the morning.

4. Do I have to / need to get a visa? - No, you don't. Or: Have I got to get a visa? - No, you haven't.

5. Does your sister have to wear a uniform? - Yes, she does. Or: Has your sister got to wear a uniform? - Yes, she has.

6. Have you ever had to work extra hours? - No, I haven't.

7. How long did you have to wait for the train? - Nearly an hour.

8. Will we have to change trains? - Unfortunately, we / you will.

Вправа 11 (c.35)

1. Do you really need to / have to go now? - Unfortunately, I do. Or: Have you really got to go now? - Unfortunately, I have.

2. Have you ever had to meet a foreign delegation? - Yes, I have.

3. Will he have to speak English? - I don't think so. He will have an interpreter.

4. Does your sister have to go abroad very often? - Yes, she does. Or: Has your sister got to go abroad very often? - Yes, she has.

5. Did she have to stay in this hotel? - Unfortunately, she did.

6. Do I have to / need to ring and confirm my room reservation? Or: Have I got to ring and confirm my room reservation? - Yes, indeed.

7. Do we have to / need to do this exercise? Or: Have we got to do this exercise? - Certainly.

8. Why did they have to give up studying? - Because their father lost his job.

Вправа 14 (c.37)

1. The children shouldn't read this book. Or: The children oughtn't to read this book. Or: I don't thinkthe children ought to / should read this book.

2. He should wait for her. Or: He ought to wait for her.

3. You might help Jane.

4. They should visit their sick friend more often. Or: They ought to visit their sick friend more often.

5. Do you think I should go shopping? Or: Do you think I ought to go shopping?

6. You should stay in this hotel. Or: You ought to stay in this hotel.

7. I shouldn't buy this suit. Or: I oughtn't to buy this suit. Or: I don't think I ought to / should buy this suit.

8. You shouldn't help him. Or: You oughtn't to help him. Or: I don't think you ought to / should help him.

9. She should see this film. Or: She ought to see this film.

10. Do you think Mark shouldn't go by train? Or: Do you think Mark oughtn't to go by train?

11. Peter might travel by car.

12. We shouldn't call her. Or: We oughtn't to call her. Or: I don't think we ought to / should call her.

Вправа 15 (c.37)

1. I think we should buy this book. Or: I think we ought to buy this book.

2. You should be more attentive. Or: You ought to be more attentive.

3. Do you think I shouldn't try this dress on? Or: Do you think I oughtn't to try this dress on?

4. I'm sure I should buy this suit. Or: I'm sure I ought to buy this suit.

5. We might go shopping now.

6. Children shouldn't see this film. Or: Children oughtn't to see this film. Or: I don't think children ought to / should see this film.

7. Your sister should book tickets in advance. Or: Your sister ought to book tickets in advance.

8. You shouldn't stay in this hotel. Or: You oughtn't to stay in this hotel. Or: I don't think you ought to / should stay in this hotel.

9. He shouldn't wait for her. Or: He oughtn't to wait for her. Or: I don't think he ought to / should wait for her.

10. You shouldn't tell them about it. Or: You oughtn't to tell them about it. Or: I don't think you ought to / should tell them about it.

11. Do you think she should make a reservation by telephone? Or: Do you think she ought to make a reservation by telephone?

12. Your parents might help you.

Вправа 17 (c.38)

1. Why should I go shopping?

2. Why should we go by train?

3. Why should he stay in this hotel?

4. Why should they pay for the dinner?

ЕТАП VI

Вправа 4 (c.41)

1. It appears, we needn't have done this exercise.

2. I don't have to go shopping - I bought everything yesterday. Or: I haven't got to go shopping... Or: I don't need to go shopping... Or: I needn't go shopping...

3. She didn't have to wear a uniform at school.

4. You don't have to eat all your vegetables. Just have the carrots. Or: You haven't got to eat all your vegetables. Or: You don't need to eat all your vegetables. Or: You needn't eat all your vegetables.

5. I have friends in every town, so I have never had to stay in a hotel.

6. My sister doesn't have to work because her husband earns a lot of money. Or: My sister hasn't got to work... Or: My sister doesn't need to work... Or: My sister needn't work...

7. You won't have to change the train.

8. Fortunately, they didn't have to wait for the waiter long.

Вправа 5 (c.42)

1. You don't have to come if you don't want to. Or: You haven't got to come... Or: You don't need to come... Or: You needn't come...

2. We don't have to book a table: the restaurant won't be full on Monday. Or: We haven’t got to book a table... Or: We don’t need to book a table... Or: We needn't book a table...

3. The doctor says she doesn't have to take the tablets any more because she has no cough now. Or:... she hasn't got to take the tablets... Or:... she doesn't need to take the tablets... Or:... she needn’t take the tablets...

4. They have never had to do shopping themselves - they have a maid.

5. It appears I needn't have learnt the whole poem by heart.

6. Michael won't have to pass all his exams to get a place at the university.

7. I don't have to do this exercise but it may be useful. Or: I haven't got to do this exercise... Or: I don't need to do this exercise... Or: I needn't do this exercise...

8. Olena didn't have to exchange the dress.

Вправа 7 (c.43)

1. Children mustn't tell lies. It is very indecent.

2. You mustn't play with guns. It is very dangerous.

3. Teachers don't have to wear a uniform.

4. The museum is free. You don't have to pay to get in.

5. A guide in the museum: “You mustn't touch the exhibits”. Or: “You can't touch the exhibits”. Or: “You aren't allowed to touch the exhibits”.

6. This is my favourite pen. You can take it but you mustn't lose it.

7. You don't have to be a millionaire to shop in Harrods but it helps!

8. You mustn't come in here in these dirty shoes! Or: You can't come in here in these dirty shoes!

Вправа 8 (c.43)

1 - must	5 - can't
2 - can't	6 - don't have to
3 - mustn't	7 - mustn't
4 - needn't	8 - don't have to

Вправа 9 (c.44)

1. Union members have to pay a subscription. They can't work during a strike.

2. University teachers must be graduates. They don't have to be qualified teachers.

3. Army officers have to go to training college. They can't go on strike.

4. Police officers have to be over 1.75m tall. They don't have to carry guns in the UK.

ЕТАП VII

Вправа 1 (c.46)

1 - б

2 - а

3 - б

4 - а

5 - а

Вправа 3 (c.46)

1 - б

2 - а

3 - а

4 - б

5 - б

Вправа 5 (c.47)

1. She may be at the library now. Or: She might be at the library now. Or: She could be at the library now.

2. They must be having a party now. Or: They ought to / should be having a party now.

3. Your father may help us. Or: Your father might help us. Or: Your father could help us.

4. It will probably snow today.

5. They may come tomorrow. Or: They might come tomorrow. Or: They could come tomorrow.

6. He may buy this house. Or: He might buy this house. Or: He could buy this house.

7. They may be going through the customs now. Or: They might be going through the customs now. Or: They could be going through the customs now.

8. She must know the address of the company. Or: She ought to / should know the address of the company.

Вправа 6 (c.48)

1. Jane will probably make a reservation for us.

2. Peter may buy everything for the party. Or: Peter might buy everything for the party. Or: Peter could buy everything for the party.

3. You must be joking!

4. Kate may be going shopping now. Or: Kate might be going shopping now. Or: Kate could be going shopping now.

5. My parents will probably stay in a hotel.

6. I will probably come back tomorrow.

7. We may go to the restaurant tonight. Or: We might go to the restaurant tonight. Or: We could go to the restaurant tonight.

8. My friends may be late. Or: My friends might be late. Or: My friends could be late.

Вправа 7 (c.48)

1 - d

2 - f

3 - a

4 - e

5 - b

6 - c

Вправа 8 (c.48)

1 - б

2 - а

3 - а

4 - б

Вправа 10 (c.49)

1. She may / might / could have been in the bathroom.

2. I may / might / could have left my bag in the shop.

3. They must have known about it.

4. It must have rained at night.

5. They must have come yesterday.

6. The plane may / might / could have landed already.

Вправа 11 (c.49)

1. He may / might / could be in the office.

2. My father must / ought to / should be working in his study now.

3. The train may / might / could be late.

4. She may / might / could have invited him to her birthday party.

5. He must have known about it.

6. She may / might / could visit him.

7. They must have seen him.

8. Mother will probably come soon.

9. We may / might / could go to the country on Sunday.

10. They may / might / could have written the assay yesterday.

11. They must / ought to / should be at home now.

12. I will probably be busy next week.

Вправа 12 (c.50)

1. He might have gone to lunch.

2. She might have been phoning the Sales Department.

3. She might be able to tell you.

4. They must be developing a new model.

Вправа 14 (c.51)

1. He can't have done it. Or: He couldn't have done it.

2. You can't be hungry after such a dinner.

3. They can't have bought this house. Or: They couldn't have bought this house.

4. He can't get lost. He knows the city very well.

5. She can't have lost the book. I saw she had it yesterday. Or: She couldn't have lost the book...

6. The train can't be late. It always comes in time.

7. Ann can't have missed the train. She lives near the station. Or: Ann couldn't have missed the train....

8. They can't be stuck in a traffic jam. It is not a rush hour.

Вправа 15 (c.51)

1. Judging by the phone bill, she must have been making long international calls.

2. The factory is on a 3-day week. They can't be selling many cars.

3. It was a very bad deal. They must have lost a lot of money.

4. She may be promoted at the end of the year.

5. She was surprised to see me. She can't have been expecting me.

6. He went home at 4.30, so he can't have heard the announcement.

Вправа 16 (c.52)

А)

1. Package B might be for Mr Brown or it might be for Mr Grey.

2. Package C can't be for Mr Green, because we know A is for him.

3. Package A must contain the photocopier, because the computer is in B and the paper is in C.

4. Package B must be heavier than C, but it might not be as heavy as A.

Б)

PACKAGE:	A	B	C
NAME:	Mr Green	Mr Brown	Mr Grey
CONTENTS:	photocopier	computer	paper
WEIGHT:	20 kg	22 kg	18 kg

ЕТАП VІІІ

Вправа 2 (c.54)

1. Can / Could he know about this?

2. Can / Could they have bought this car?

3. Can / Could they be travelling by plane?

4. Can / Could the plane have landed?

5. Can / Could you be working for this company?

6. Can / Could you have been to Australia?

ЕТАП ІХ

Вправа 2 (c.55)

1. You should / ought to / might have learned this material.

2. She should / ought to / might have told us about it.

3. You might / ought to / should have written to me.

4. You might / ought to / should have visited him last week.

5. You oughtn't to / shouldn't have given him money.

6. She oughtn't to /shouldn't have sent the children to school.

7. I ought to / should have bought this dress.

8. They oughtn't to /shouldn't have bought this house.

9. She might / ought to / should have sent us a telegram earlier.

10. They might / ought to / should have informed me about it yesterday.

Вправа 3 (c.56)

1. She ought to / should / might have called him in the morning.

2. We ought to / should / might have seen this film.

3. I oughtn't to / shouldn't have invited them.

4. She oughtn't to /shouldn't have allowed the children to go out.

5. She might / ought to / should have visited him yesterday.

6. You might / ought to / should have helped him then.

7. You might / ought to / should have invited them last week.

8. He oughtn't to / shouldn't have lent them money.

9. I ought to / should / might have booked a ticket earlier.

10. You brother might / ought to / should have bought this book yesterday.

11. You oughtn’t / shouldn’t have invited them.

12. They ought / should have paid him on time.

Вправа 4 (c.56)

1. There ought to have been more special conditions.

2. The total number of tickets should have been limited.

3. They ought to have done more research.

4. They should not have relied on outdated figures.

ЕТАП Х

Вправа 1 (c.57)

1 - Б	7 - Б	13 - Б	19 - Б	25 - В
2 - А	8 - А	14 - А	20 - В	26 - В
3 - А	9 - Б	15 - В	21 - В	27 - А
4 - В	10 - А	16 - Б	22 - А	28 - Б
5 - В	11 - А	17 - Б	23 - А	29 - В
6 - В	12 - Б	18 - Б	24 - Б	30 - Б

Вправа 5 (c.63)

1 - С	4 - B
2 - B	5 - C
3 - B

Вправа 6 (c.64)

А - 2

Б – 2, 4, 6

ЦИКЛ ІІ. ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН

ЕТАП І

Вправа 1 (c.67)

Суб'єкт дії є лише в 11-му реченні ("засоби масової інформації"). Виділені курсивом слова відіграють функцію об'єкта дії. У 2-му, 6-му, 9-му та 10-му реченнях по два об'єкти дії.

Вправа 2 (c.68)

Слова I; the letters; we / the assignment; article виконують функцію підмета.

ЕТАП ІІ

Вправа 1 (c.69)

1. Менеінформують про це кожного дня. - Present Simple.

2. Особлива уваганадається новітнім методам дослідження. - Present Simple.

3. Йомусказали про це вчора. - Past Simple.

4. Листибули відправлені два дні тому. - Past Simple.

5. Цього студентапроекзаменують двічі. - Future Simple.

6. Нам вже дализавдання. - Present Perfect.

7. Річний звітбуло підготовлено ще до прибуття комісії. - Past Perfect.

8. Васповідомлять про результати ще до понеділка. - Future Perfect.

9. Мені зараз показують нове обладнання. - Present Continuous.

10. Йому зараз перекладають цю статтю. - Present Continuous.

11. Результати переговорів дискутуються засобами масової інформації. - Present Continuous.

12. Експериментпроводили з 9 години ранку до 3 години опівдні. - Past Continuous.

13. Отримані данівивчали протягом усього місяця. - Past Continuous.

14. Бюлетенібудуть перераховувати увесь день завтра. - Future Continuous.

15. Це обладнанняексплуатується вже понад 10 років. - Present Perfect Continuous.

16. Це домашнє завдання має бути виконаним до завтра! - must + Simple Infinitive.

17. Не слід було запрошуватийого на вечірку. - shouldn't + Perfect Infinitive.

Вправа 2 (c.69)

В)

(be) + Past Participle

Вправа 3 (c.70)

1. Passengers will be permitted...

2. Excess luggage must (has to) be paid for.

3. These souvenirs could have been bought...

4. Each passenger is given...

5. All the formalities have been completed.

6.... it had been sent...

7. I was fined...

8. They are being washed.

9. The ballots were being recounted...

10. This problem had been discussed...

11. The best cameras are made...

12. This phenomenon has been investigated...

13. I am (often) asked...

14.... I am being told...

15. These houses were built...

16.... the experiment was being carried out.

17. He has been made redundant.

18. Two new factories will have been built...

19. He will be interviewed...

20. This phenomenon is being thoroughly investigated.

Вправа 4 (c.71)

1. Dniepropetrovsk was founded...

2. The house couldn't have been repaired...

3. Two million cars have been produced...

4. English is spoken...

5. Driving should (ought to) be banned...

6. I am (often) invited...

7. You will be met...

8.... we were being told...

9. Your flight has been announced.

10. The Houses of Parliament were built...

11....our house was being reconstructed...

12.... our house had been reconstructed...

13. He is (already) being served.

14.... the room will have been cleaned.

15. I am being treated...

16. This problem will be examined...

17. The bill had been paid...

18. The guests are being shown around the city.

19. The guests have been shown around the city...

20. English and French are taught...

Вправа 5 (c.72)

1. Manual workers are paid weekly.

2. A lot of the world's supertankers are built in South Korea.

3. A third of the world's cocoa is grown in the Ivory Coast.

4. Most nuclear waste is stored underground.

5. Most new drugsare tested extensively before they go on sale.

6. A lot of our books are printed in Hong Kong.

Вправа 6 (c.72)

a. A part-time assistant is wanted by this shop.

They want a part-time assistant.

b. Jewellery is bought and sold in this shop.

They buy and sell jewellery.

c. Credit cards are accepted in this shop.

They accept credit cards.

d. Afternoon tea is served in this shop.

They serve afternoon tea.

e. Dogs aren't allowed to go in this shop.

They don't allow dogs to go in.

Вправа 7 (c.73)

1 - arrive	8 - is searched
2 - are checked	9 - wait
3 - keep	10 - is called
4 - are taken	11 - are told
5 - is checked	12 - board
6 - are x-rayed	13 - are shown
7 - are given

Вправа 8 (c.73)

1 - was invented	5 - was used
2 - worked	6 - is found
3 - was introduced	7 - has been playing
4 - became	8 - will be manufactured

Вправа 9 (c.74)

1 - are programmed	8 - is loaded
2 - is / are transferred	9 - are transmitted
3 - is collected	10 - is given
4 - is used	11 - is cleared
5 - is driven	12 - is delivered
6 - is chosen	13 - is held
7 - is checked in

Вправа 10 (c.74)

1. The vacancy is advertised in-house.

2. If there isn't a suitable in-house candidate, the vacancy is advertised in the papers.

3. Applicants are asked to send in their CVs.

4. Some candidates are invited to an interview.

5. A shortlist is drawn up.

6. Selected candidates are asked back for a second interview.

7. The best candidate is chosen.

8. The references are checked.

9. The successful candidate is offered the job.

Вправа 11 (c.75)

1. Ukraine is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.

2. Great Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel.

3. The Irish Sea is connected with the Atlantic Ocean by the North Channel and St George's Channel.

4. In summer, long periods of warm dry weather are interrupted by summer storms.

5. Most of London was destroyed by fire in 1666.

6. America was discovered by Christopher Columbus.

7. Our factory is being taken by an American company.

8. A strike has been called by the air traffic controllers.

Вправа 12 (c.77)

1. Your order is being dealt with.

2. This question will be looked into immediately.

3. The patients were looked after very well.

4. The doctor has been sent for.

5. He was always looked up to.

6. You are being laughed at by the whole world!

7. I am always looked at in the street.

8. The contract was approved of unanimously.

9. This information should be taken notice of.

10. This film is much spoken about.

11. Your dinner has been paid for.

12. This situation cannot be put up with any more!

13. Their findings can be relied on.

14. The letter was being looked for all day long.

Вправа 13 (c.78)

1. We have our books printed in Singapore.

2. I'm going to have (get) my eyes tested.

3. He's had one hundred copies of his report printed.

4. We've had the photocopier repaired.

5. She was having (getting) her hair done at that moment.

6. He had his hair cut yesterday.

7. You should have (get) your dress dry-cleaned.

8. She's having (getting) her measurements taken now.

9. I'm having (getting) the letter typed out at the moment.

10. They've had their accounts checked.

11. He has (gets) his suits made in London.

12. We'll have 5,000 new catalogues printed.

13. They are going to have a new fax machine installed.

14. They are having a new office designed.

Вправа 14 (c.78)

A)

1. Then we have them flown to Singapore.

2. We have other components manufactured in Taiwan.

3. We have them sent to Singapore.

4. We have computers assembled in Singapore.

5. We have the finished products shipped to the UK every 3 months.

ЕТАП ІІІ

Вправа 1 (c.79)

1. My children aren't helped...

2. He wasn't invited...

3. She won't be recognized...

4.... the article won't have been translated...

5.... these patients aren't being taken care of...

6.... his Sunday newspaper hadn't been delivered.

7. Coffee isn't grown...

8. Our photocopier hasn't been repaired (yet).

9. I'm not (often) praised.

10.... I haven't been promoted (yet).

11. They weren't seen...

12. We weren't being served...

13.... I'm not being watched for...

14.... your article isn't being printed (yet).

15. Your complaint can't be dealt with...

16. This question wasn't being discussed...

Вправа 2 (c.79)

1. Coca-Cola hasn't been produced for over two hundred years. It's been produced since 1895.

2. Paper isn't made from plastic. It's made from wood.

3. The 2000 Olympic games weren't held in the USA. They were held in Australia.

4. Walkman cassette players weren't developed by the Russians. They were developed by the Japanese.

5. Rolls-Royce cars aren't made in Japan. They're made in England.

6. President Kennedy wasn't killed in New York. He was killed in Dallas.

7. The Berlin Wall wasn't knocked down in 1982. It was knocked down in 1989.

ЕТАП IV

Вправа 1 (c.81)

1. Where is coffee grown?

2. Is service included in the bill?

3. When were the Houses of Parliament built?

4. Are you being served already?

5. Has my car been repaired yet?

6. Have you ever been made redundant?

7. How much was she fined yesterday?

8. How often is the post delivered?

9. Is your school equipped with computers?

10. When was this book written?

11. All tickets have been sold, haven't they?

12. Weren't you told yesterday about our arrival?

13. What else should (must / has to) be done?

14. Isn't my complaint being dealt with yet?

15. Hasn't my letter been typed yet?

16. Had their proposal been approved of before you arrived?

17. Has the doctor been sent for?

18. Why is he constantly found fault with?

19. Will the house have been paid for by the end of the year?

20. What was being discussed at that moment?

Вправа 2 (c.81)

1. When was the telephone invented?

2. How many factories have been built this year?

3. Was the television invented by Bell?

4. Where are the best cameras made?

5. Is your car serviced regularly?

6. Who was America discovered by?

7. How long has Diet Coke been made?

8. What were you given for your birthday?

9. When will the house be knocked down?

10. Will the contract have been signed by Friday?

Вправа 3 (c.82)

A) 1 - is not designed	6 - are warned
2 - is credited	7 - Is it aimed
3 - are connected	8 - are charged
4 - is deducted	9 - is not put
5 - are told	10 - is taken

Вправа 4 (c.83)

1 - has happened	6 - have been put
2 - has been turned	7 - Has Kent been sent
3 - has been set up	8 - has been demoted
4 - have made	9 - has treated
5 - has been promoted

Вправа 5 (c.83) (Можливий варіант).

Janet: I've booked you on the 8.30 flight, so you will arrive at 11.00 local time. You will be met at the airport by one of their drivers and will be taken straight to their Head Office.

Helen: Fine. Have you made reservations at a hotel?

Janet: Yes, you will be at the Holiday Inn.

Helen: OK. Do they know how long the meeting will last?

Janet: They expect that you will be able to finish at about 5.30. I have told the hotel that you will not arrive before 6.30. However, that's fine and they have said that the room will be kept for you and will not be given to anyone else.

ЕТАП V

Вправа 1 (c.85)

1. This fact is taken into account - Present Simple - Цей факт береться до уваги.

2. This fact should not be underestimated - should + Simple Infinitive - Цей факт не слід недооцінювати.

3. Some additional calculations are required - Present Simple - Потрібні додаткові розрахунки.

4. They had... sent - Past Simple - Їх замовлення було відправлено кур'єром.

5. A brief account of the available data will be given - Future Simple - Стислий звіт наявних даних буде надано у розділі ІІ.

6. The process may be affected - may + Simple Infinitive - На процес можуть впливати інші фактори.

7. Some improvements are being introduced - Present Continuous - В організацію дослідницької роботи вводяться деякі удосконалення.

8. This theory was developed - Past Simple - Цю теорію було розроблено на початку 50-х років.

9. It was proved - Past Simple; this hypothesis had been based - Past Perfect - Незабаром було доведено, що ця гіпотеза базується на невірному припущенні.

10. Much attention is now being given - Present Continuous - Багато уваги приділяють зараз розвитку кращих дослідницьких прийомів.

11. All of these problems have been discussed - Present Perfect - Усі ці проблеми обговорюються останнім часом.

12. This question has not been raised - Present Perfect - Це питання не порушувалося в літературі до цього моменту.

13. This word must have been used- must + Perfect Infinitive - Спочатку, мабуть, це слово використовували для опису такого процесу за браком кращого терміна.

14. The model does not apply - Present Simple; which has been discussed - Present Perfect - Модель, що обговорювалася тут, важко застосувати до більш сучасних даних.

15. This problem was discussed - Past Simple - Цю проблему попередньо обговорювали кілька дослідницьких груп у різних країнах.

16. This problem is related - Present Simple; which is being considered - Present Continuous - Ця проблема, яку зараз розглядають багато економістів, тісно зв'язана із споживчою функцією.

17. The first experiments were aimed - Past Simple - Перші експерименти були націлені на встановлення кореляції між цими двома механізмами.

18. These studies should have been resumed - should + Perfect Infinitive; it became clear - Past Simple; the original assumption had been correct - Past Perfect - Слід було відновити ці дослідження, коли стало ясно, що первісне припущення було правильним.

Вправа 2 (c.86)

1. This formula is deduced - Present Simple - Ця формула легко виводиться із рівняння.

2. Those data could have been used - could + Perfect Infinitive - Ці дані можна було використати в нашій роботі, але їм бракувало точності.

3. This problem was outlined - Past Simple - Цю проблему було окреслено в одній із статей.

4. All of these processes are regulated - Present Simple - Усі ці процеси регулюються загальним фактором.

5. Some changes cannot be predicted - cannot + Simple Infinitive - Деякі зміни не можна передбачити.

6. Their requirements will be met - Future Simple - У цьому випадку їх вимоги будуть задовольнені.

7. Some of our older conceptions are being revised - Present Continuous - Деякі з наших старіших концепцій зараз переглядаються.

8. I have had... checked - Present Perfect - Мені перевірили ці цифри.

9. Several factors were involved - Past Simple - У цей процес було включено кілька факторів.

10. The question hadn't been raised - Past Perfect - Це питання не порушувалося до 1962 року.

11. Some recent works should have been included - should + Perfect Infinitive - До огляду слід було включити деякі сучасні роботи.

12. the order was being executed - Past Continuous; the girl made calls - Past Simple - Поки замовлення виконували, дівчина зробила кілька телефонних дзвінків своїм друзям.

13. Several attempts have been made - Present Perfect - Зроблено кілька спроб, щоб класифікувати ці явища.

14. It was pointed out - Past Simple; the question had been raised - Past Perfect; any actual work was started - Past Simple - Було вказано, що це питання було порушено задовго до того, як було розпочато будь-яку роботу в цьому напрямку.

15. Some contradictionshave not been explained - Present Perfect - Поки що не пояснені деякі протиріччя в інтерпретації цих даних.

16. this assumption should be reconsidered - should + Simple Infinitive; the results (should be) re-checked - should + Simple Infinitive - Отже, слід ще раз розглянути це припущення або перевірити результати.

17. The introduction will be followed by - Future Simple - За вступом буде іти значна кількість розрахунків і аналіз результатів.

18. The above criterion is satisfied - Present Simple - Вищезгаданий критерій напрочуд добре задовольняється у порівняно великій кількості випадків.

Вправа 4 (c.88)

1 - A

2 - B

3 - A

4 - A

Вправа 5 (c.88)

1. Tom' s just been promoted to area manager of Eastern Europe.

2. I' ve applied for a new job.

3. How many times have you been made redundant?

4. Bob's wife has just lost her job.

5. My father has taken early retirement.

6. My brother has been given the sack. His boss said he was lazy.

7. The number of people out of work has risen to nearly 3 million.

8. A strike has been called by the air traffic controllers.

9. They haven't been offered more money by the management.

10. How much money have you saved for your retirement?

Вправа 6 (c.88)

А) в

Б)

Present Simple	Past Simple	Present Perfect	Future Simple
is enjoyed are sold is made	was invented was given were sold was bought was opened	have been produced has been made have been used	will be drunk

Г)

a) How much Coca-Cola is sold every year?

b) When was the drink invented?

c) How much Coca-Cola was sold a day in the first year?

d) Where was the first factory opened?

e) How long has Diet Coke been made?

Вправа 7 (c.89)

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