Translate the following sentences into English. 1) Компания-разработчик решает, где бурить, принимая во внимание несколько факторов.

1) Компания-разработчик решает, где бурить, принимая во внимание несколько факторов.

2) Разработчик должен получить законное право на бурение и добычу нефти и газа на конкретном участке земли.

3) Расходы зависят от таких факторов, как размер коллектора, глубина его залегания и его расположение.

4) Геодезисты устанавливают и подтверждают точные границы и место заложения скважины.

5) Юрисконсульты тщательно изучают условия аренды и контракты.

6) На участках, которые являются наиболее экологически уязвимыми, разработчик и подрядчик предпринимают дополнительные меры, чтобы гарантировать нанесение минимально возможного вреда.

7) Разработчик выбирает место, где морское дно может надлежащим образом держать любые опоры буровой установки.

6. Say what you have learned from the text, using the outline:

1) The location of the well nowadays

2) The role of legal and economic factors in the selection of a drilling site.

3) Steps which an operating company takes before starting drilling.

Make up a plan and report on it in brief.

ROLE PLAY

Imagine that you are a representative of an operating company, which takes several steps before telling the drilling contractor exactly where to place the rig and start, or spud, the hole. Your classmates present operating personnel. Your task is to give instructions to the working staff.

Text 2. Preparing the Site

On land sites, the operator hires a site-preparation contractor to prepare the location to accommodate the rig. If required, bulldozers clear and level the area. This contractor also builds an access road and, if necessary, a turnaround. Offshore, the operator simply marks the spot with a buoy. On all jobs, contractors and operators make every effort to keep damage to a minimum because no one wishes to harm the environment. Further, if harm does occur, the contractor and operator have to pay to correct or mitigate the damage, which can be expensive.

Surface Preparation

The contractor uses various materials to prepare the surface and roads around a land location. Near the coast, oyster shells are popular. In other locations, gravel may be the choice. A contractor may lay boards to allow access in rainy weather. In the far north, permafrost presents a special problem because the heat generated under and near the rig may melt the permafrost. Thus, the rig may settle into the thawed soil. In permafrost, therefore, the contractor spreads a thick layer of gravel to insulate the area. If gravel is scarce, polyurethane foam may be used.

Reserve Pits

At a land site, the site-preparation contractor may dig a reserve pit. A reserve pit is an open pit that is bulldozed from the land next to the rig. Reserve pits vary in size, depending on how much room is available at the site. Usually, reserve pits are relatively shallow, maybe no more than 3 metres deep and are open on top. In the early days of drilling, the reserve pit was mainly a place to store a reserve supply of drilling mud.

Today, however, drilling mud used in actively drilling the hole is seldom stored in the reserve pit, although, in an emergency, it can be.

Modern reserve pits mainly hold rig wastes temporarily. For example, cuttings carried up the hole by the drilling mud fall into the reserve pit. After finishing the well, the drilling contractor or operator removes any harmful material that may be in the pit and properly disposes of it. A bulldozer then covers it with dirt and levels it. If necessary, the contractor lines a reserve pit with plastic to prevent soil and groundwater pollution. In especially sensitive areas, such as in a migratory bird flyway or in a wildlife refuge, contractors cover the pit with netting to prevent birds from landing in it. In addition, they may put up a fence to keep cattle or wildlife out.

In some areas, reserve pits are rare. Offshore, and on sensitive land locations, the contractor places cuttings in portable receptacles and disposes of them at an approved site. Most operators and contractors recycle as many drilling mud components and other materials as possible. What they cannot recycle, they discard at approved sites.

Cellars

The operator may make additional preparations before moving in the rig. The terrain, the well’s depth, the underground pressures expected, and the operator’s and contractor’s preferences determine how they start the well. At land sites where the operator has ordered a deep, high-pressure well, for example, a work crew, using dirt moving equipment, may dig a rectangular pit, or cellar. Sizes vary, but a typical cellar is about 3 metres on a side and perhaps 3 metres deep. The exact size and depth depend on the characteristics of the well and the rig's configuration. Sometimes, the workers line the cellar with boards or pour concrete walls to keep it from caving in.

The cellar accommodates a tall stack of high-pressure control valves under the rig. The bottom of the stack will sit in the cellar, below ground level. Since the crew installs the stack below ground level, the rig's substructure – the base of the rig—does not have to be as tall to allow the rig floor to clear the stack. In short, a cellar provides more working room under the rig.

Rathole

Some rigs use a special pipe called the “kelly”, which is part of the drill string. The kelly is part of the system that rotates the bit. Rigs with kellys require a rathole – a shallow hole drilled off to the side of the main borehole. On land, the operator sometimes hires a special truck-mounted, light-duty unit called a “rathole rig” to drill the rathole. After the rig is set up, the drilling crew may drill the rathole with special equipment. Offshore, if the rig needs a rathole, it is a large-diameter length of pipe that extends below the rig floor. During drilling, the crew uses the rathole to store the kelly temporarily. A kelly can be up to 17 metres long. The contractor has to drill part of the rathole; otherwise, the rathole would extend too high above the rig floor to be accessible.

Mousehole

The rathole rig or the main rig itself may also drill a mousehole on land sites. A mousehole, like a rathole, is also a shallow hole lined with pipe that extends to the rig floor. The mousehole is a lined hole into which the crew puts a length, or joint, of drill pipe during drilling operations. A joint of drill pipe is around 9 metres long. If the regular rig's substructure is appreciably shorter than this height, then the rathole crew also drills a mousehole.

Дата добавления: 2015-10-31