Translate into Ukrainian in writing, pay attention to the abbreviations.

COMMUNICATIONS IMPROVEMENTS

Communications have now been significantly upgraded. The problem is all about getting information to the pilot. Voice radio can be jammed easier than datalink. Datalinks only require short durations to transmit information.

Russian MiG-25 and US F-106 were fitted with datalinks and literally controlled from ground as far back as the 1960s. Little information was available to the pilot, but the ground controllers had the full picture. Soviet fighters were actually fitted with datalinks on a more widespread basis than NATO. They, in most cases, lacked the training and user friendly technology to take advantage of the increased SA.

NATO thought Warsaw Pact depended too much on GCI; the Warsaw Pact thought NATO depended too much on AWACS. Both were right, fighter pilots require some form of outside guidance.

Most fighter aircraft are fitted with two voice radios. One is set to GCI / AEW frequency, the other to the fighter flight frequency. This is subject to 'own flight jamming' as up to 40 aircraft try and talk to an AEW aircraft at the same time.

"Stealth and counter-stealth is important, as this directly deprives SA to the enemy."

During the early days of 1991 Gulf War, AWACS was overwhelmed and requests for target vectors went unanswered. The one US air-to-air loss of the war was a direct result of poor SA, as an Iraq MiG-25P used its superior speed to get in behind an USN F-18 and shoot it down. A similar situation occurred during the 1999 Allied Force action over Kosovo. During an AWACS changeover, USAF

F-15 radio calls went unanswered.

However, there are always limitations. The USN F-14 Tomcat could track 24 targets, but the TID (tactical information display), with a maximum range of 740km only allows six targets to remain readable. Other F-14, E-2 Hawkeye AEW or aircraft carriers could datalink other targets.

In 1987 the Swedish Air Force added a datalink from GCI to its JA 37 Jaktviggen. With this the ground-based air-defence system is able to provide target detection. The JA 37 can share information with other JA 37 such as which target each aircraft is attacking, fuel and weapons state and so on. In 1995 the ability to transmit simple text messages was added.

The JAS 39 Gripen has increased capability with information shared between fighters, S100B Argus AEW, GCI radars, naval warships and SAM positions. Four to six fighters would be spread over a distance of 120km-150km and share the same view. Soviet fighters such as the MiG-29 Fulcrum and Su-27 Flanker require datalinks as they lack advanced radar features.

The US / NATO now has the JTIDS (joint tactical information display system) datalink and fighter displays. This is fitted to AWACS, some USAF F-15C, USN F-14D and RAF Tornado F3 AWACS use their radar and ESM to detect targets, pass the information over JTIDS. The Tornado F3 stays passive (radars off) and gets into AMRAAM launch parameters without activating radars. This then leaves certain enemy aircraft with little warning of the situation, i.e. a loss of situational awareness.

USAF and NATO F-16s are fitted with IDM (improved data modem) to share information between four aircraft. MIDS (multiple information distribution system) now allows eight aircraft to share information. A typical MIDS installation will be eight French Mirage 2000-5F linked to an E-3F AWACS.

"A typical MIDS installation will be eight French Mirage 2000-5F linked to an E-3F AWACS."

8. Translate the text into Ukrainian in writing:

RPG:

These weapons, mostly of Soviet design, are a versatile weapon. They are rocket launched so they have a back blast. When the rocket ignites it expels gases out the back with explosive force, like a space rocket taking off for orbit. Standing behind someone who is firing an RPG can be fatal depending on the range. Inside an enclosed room shooting out the shooter can be in danger because the explosive gases have nowhere to go.

RPG's are usually deployed at the squad level and are controlled by the squad leader who the grenadier is never far from. When a mechanized squad is deployed the RPG gunner is supposed to be to the left of, and beside the squad leader. The RPG is used to destroy targets that pose the most threat to the squad, be the target a machine gun or tank.

Although the RPG can be used against a tank, it is usually suicide to attack a tank from the front because that is where the tank's armor is thickest. Older types of RPG's frequently lack the power of newer ones. As the Soviets learned in Chechnya, RPG's make excellent anti-tank weapons.

Chechnya Armor-kill teams were composed of three or four man teams. Each team had an anti-tank gunner (with an RPG-7 or RPG-18) a machine gunner and a sniper. Additional members served as ammo bearers and assistant gunners.

Five or six teams would attack the same tank from basement, second or third floor buildings. Soviet tanks could not fire at these teams because their weapon lacked the ability to aim so far up or down. While the machine gunner and sniper pinned down enemy infantry and made the tank button up, the anti-tank gunner tried to get in a shot at the rear, sides or top of the tank. The armor kill teams would 'mob' the tanks preventing the armored vehicles from fighting back effectively.

Unit 3

Дата добавления: 2015-07-10