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a) Military science incorporates knowledge of different levels. That is why, in proving military knowledge, it is expedient to reckon with its specificity (its level, its sphere) and with the capacity for using already proved military knowledge, which is "contiguous" to it by level and domain, or the knowledge of other sciences. It is essential to obey corrective transition from one military knowledge level to another, from one of its domains to another. It is in the nature of things that the criteria and essentials of proof, also make themselves manifest in a different way. The abstractness of architecture of much of fundamental military knowledge considerably enhances the role of logical tools of proof. Provisions of military science, field manuals function as applied logic. But, military praxis continues to be the criterion of truth, the basis of proof of military knowledge in peacetime as well.

b) Close linkage of war and army doctrine, of military science with other sciences favorably affects the capacity for using provisions of other sciences for the proof of categories and laws of military knowledge. Thus, social science data provide material to validate the scientific treatment of laws of war and armed struggle, decisions about troop command and control and the formation of high moral fighting qualities of military personnel. Military theoreticians and practitioners use materials of natural and engineering sciences to prove knowledge, which makes it possible to improve effectively the material and technical base of military art. Social sciences and sciences examining human bioorganic qualities furnish with arguments for the proof of military knowledge, which most adequately determines man's potentialities in war. Conclusions of economic science help examine the economic aspect of war. Provisions of civil history are widely used to prove findings of the cognitive activity of military historians. Mathematical knowledge provides means for conducting mental, mathematical experiments pertaining to indirect kinds of the validation of military scientific knowledge. Naturally, military science data can also serve for the vindication of provisions of other sciences.

c) The wide use of scientific philosophy to ensure the integrity of knowledge of military art is the important peculiarity of the proof of military knowledge, since philosophic knowledge represents universal knowledge, which is the result of the apprehension of entire human activity. Most often, military science has recourse to philosophy for ascertaining the validity of its theoretical arsenal in the time of sweeping transformations of military art, when decisive stocktaking is under way. The use of laws, categories and principles of scientific philosophy, of laws and rules of formal logic provides the justification and proof of military scientific knowledge about causes, essence, character, role of wars, regularities of their course and outcome, the essence, and functions of modern armies. In using philosophic provisions in the proof of military knowledge, one should take into consideration the specificity of military knowledge: where scientific philosophy provisions directly prove military philosophic knowledge, the validity of data of special military knowledge data shall be established by means of some indirect linkages.

d) Since much of military knowledge is directed towards the future, as its subject and object, above all, involve war, preparation for wars, this fact leaves its imprint on the nature of proof of military knowledge. However, as you know, wars are not waged on the constant basis. In addition, no war is the exact replica of another one. That is why perceptions about possible future military operations have the tinge of hypothetic knowledge. Besides, the activity of the military chief takes place in conditions, when aims of contending sides are diametrically opposed. This fact inevitably leads to the occurrence of formerly unforeseen situation, to the need for surveying it and for uncovering enemy design. The outcome of battle (operation) depends, to a considerable extent, on the degree of disclosure of enemy intentions, especially when the enemy appears to seize the initiative.

e) Military strategy is in many ways the centerpiece of military science. It studies the specifics of combat, and attempts to reduce the many factors to a set of principles that govern all interactions of the field of battle. As such, it directs the planning and execution of battles, operations, and wars as a whole. Two major systems prevail on the planet today. Broadly speaking, these may be described as the "Western" system, and the "Russian" system. Each system reflects and supports strengths and weakness in the underlying society. Generally, "Western" societies have higher levels of education and technology. In contrast, third-world (based on the Russian system) societies have lower levels of education and technology, but have much more raw manpower in their military than Western societies are willing (or able) to devote.

f) Modern Western military art is composed primarily of an amalgam of French, German, British, and American systems. The Russian system borrows from these systems as well, either through study, or personal observation in the form of invasion (Napoleon's War of 1812, and The Great Patriotic War), and form a unique product suited for the conditions practitioners of this system will encounter. The system that is produced by the analysis provided by Military Art is known as doctrine.

g) Western military doctrine relies heavily on technology, the use of a well-trained and empowered NCO cadre, and superior information processing and dissemination to provide a level of battlefield awareness that opponents cannot match. Its advantages are extreme flexibility, extreme lethality, and a focus on removing an opponent's C3I (command, communications, control, and intelligence) to paralyze and incapacitate rather than destroying their combat power directly (hopefully saving lives in the process). Its drawbacks are high expense, a reliance on difficult to replace personnel, an enormous logistic train, and a difficulty in operating without high technology assets if depleted or destroyed.

h) Soviet military doctrine (and its descendants, in CIS countries) relies heavily on masses of machinery and troops, a highly educated (albeit very small) officer corps, and pre-planned missions. Its advantages are that it does not require well educated troops, does not require a large logistic train, is under tight central control, and does not rely on a sophisticated C3I system after the initiation of a course of action. Its disadvantages are inflexibility, a reliance on the shock effect of mass (with a resulting high cost in lives and material), and overall inability to exploit unexpected success or respond to unexpected loss.

i) Chinese military doctrine is currently in a state of flux as the People's Liberation Army is evaluating military trends of relevance to China. Chinese military doctrine is influenced by a number of sources including an indigenous classical military tradition characterized by strategists such as Sun Tzu, Western and Soviet influences, as well as indigenous modern strategists such as Mao Zedong. One distinctive characteristic of Chinese military science is that it places emphasis on the relationship between the military and society as well as views military force as merely one part of an overarching grand strategy.

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