Terms of contract

The costs of transporting goods from one country to another are many. There are the costs of packing the goods, freight, duty (tax) and insurance to name but a few.

Before an importer and exporter sign a contract, they must decide who is going to pay what. Find out what the different terms of contract are.

If they are F.O.R. then the seller will only pay for the goods to be transported to a named railway station. The buyer must pay after that C I.F. usually means that the seller will pay until the goods have been delivered to a port in the buyer's country. And it is C.& F., the buyer must also pay the insurance for the whole journey.

1. When the exporter and importer arrange the terms of contract they …

a) sign a contract; b) add up the transport costs; c)decide who will pay which transport costs.

2. F.O.B. means the exporter will pay for transportation

a)until the goods reach a ship; b)until the goods are loaded on to a ship; c)but not for insurance.

GRAMMAR

PASSIVE VOICE	Perfect	+ S + have/has+been+Ved (3) -S + have/has+not+been+Ved (3) ? Have/Has+ S +been+Ved (3)?   e.g. The letters have already been written.	+ S + had+been+Ved (3) -S + had+not+been+Ved (3) ? Had+ S +been+Ved (3)? e.g. The letters had been written by 5 o’clock yesterday.	+ S + shall/will+have+been+Ved (3) -S + shall/will+have+not+been+Ved (3) ? Shall/Will+S+have+been+Ved (3)? e.g. The letters will have been written by 5 o’clock tomorrow.
Continuous	+ S + am/is/are+being+ Ved (3) -S + am/is/are+not+being+Ved (3) ? Am/Is/Are+ S +being+ Ved (3)? e.g. The letters are being written now.	+ S + was/were+being+Ved (3) -S + was/were+not+being+Ved (3) ? Was/Were+ S +being+ Ved (3)? e.g. The letters were being written at 5 o’clock yesterday.
Indefinite	+ S + am/is/are Ved (3) -S + am/is/are+not+Ved (3) ? Am/Is/Are+ S + Ved (3)?   e.g. Letters are written every day.	+ S + was/were Ved (3) -S + was/were+not+Ved (3) ? Was/Were+ S + Ved (3)? e.g. The letters were written yesterday	+ S + shall/will+be+ Ved (3) -S + shall/will+not+be+Ved (3) ? Shall/Will+ S + be+Ved (3)? e.g. The letters will be written tomorrow.
	Present	Past	Future

№12. Choose the right form of the verb.

1.Football play/is played all over the world.

2.Walt Disney created/was created the cartoon character Mickey Mouse.

3.Millions of cars export/are exported from Japan every year.

4.This issue discussed/was discussed at the last meeting.

5.Several languages speak/are spoken in Switzerland.

6.President John Kennedy assassinated/was assassinated in Dallas in1963.

7.Tony Blair arrived/was arrived in Washington yesterday. Later he interviewed/was interviewed on American TV.

8.Millions of trees destroy/are destroyed by pollution every year.

9.The news announced/was announced earlier today.

10.A valuable picture stole/was stolen from our local art gallery yesterday.

11.The Nobel Prize invented/was invented by Alfred Nobel, a Swedish engineer and chemist.

12.Miners have given/have been given a new pay rise by the government.

№13. Change the sentences Passive Voice into the sentences in Active Voice.

1.The stones were thrown by a student who was led by the police.

2.Too little money is being spent by the government on social needs.

3.This collection of paintings was exhibited at the Tretyakov gallery by the British Council in 1997.

4.Vegetarians are known to eat no meat or fish, but only vegetables, grains, fruit either for moral reasons or because it is thought to be healthier.

5.These instructions can be understood by everyone with the smallest intelligence.

6.A special edition of this book will be issued by the publishing house in February.

7.My eyes were spoiled by reading in bed.

8.She was surrounded by photographers and pressmen.

9.By 2005 the entire railway network will have been modernised.

10.I was attracted by a bright advertisement in the newspaper.

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