Kazakhstan as a part of the Golden Horde.

The Mongol conquests in the XIII century have covered. vast territory of Eurasia. The conquest of Eastern Europe, led by Batu Khan. As a result, the European campaigns of Batu, which lasted from 1236 to 1242, established the Golden Horde, whose territory extended from the Altai Mountains to the Danube. Batu founded the Golden Horde state in the written sources called Ulus Juchi. In the lower reaches of the Volga located the capital of the Horde, the city of Sarai-Batu. This was the first major state created on the spot Jochi Ulus. During the reign of Khan's Golden Horde Berke becomes independent of the Mongol Empire. To strengthen links with Muslim countries,Berke Khan spread Islam. Especially by Uzbek Khan (1312-1342) and Zhanibek Khan (1342-1357) the power of the khans intensified,stopped convening kurultays, centralized power. From 1357 to 1380 - the era of "Great Troubles" in the Golden Horde for the Khan's throne was replaced by two dozen of the khans. The decline of the Golden Horde as a result of internecine strife gain observed in the second half of XIV century. Taking advantage of the defeat of Mamaia on the Kulikov field, the power of the Golden Horde in 1380, seized Khan Tohtamysh. The Golden Horde was a multinational state.

42.Genghis Khan’s aggressive policy in Kazakhstan.

After the conquest of the territory of Kazakhstan, Genghis Khan divided it into uluses among his sons:Juchi,Ugedei,Chagatai,Tului. Genghis Khan the conquered lands divided between the sons of the Four uluses In the ulus of Juchi included territory from the Irtysh to Eastern Europe. Jochi died in 1227, and ulus inherited by his son - Batu.In the Chagatai ulus included the territory of the South and South-eastern Kazakhstan and Central Asia with its center in Almaly. In the mid-fourteenth century the state was divided into Chagataid's state Moghulistan and Maverannahr.Tarbagatai territory and the upper reaches of the Irtysh River entered the ulus of Ugadei. In 1251 Ugadei ulus was eliminated.

Ak-Horde.

Ak Horde - the first major public education on the basis of local ethnic after mongolic period in Kazakhstan created in XIII-in the beginning of XV cc.Founder – Orda Edzhen (1226-1280). Officially, the first Khan of White Horde elected Sasy-Boke (1309-1315).When the ruler was his son Erzene (1315-1320) in White Horde was the growth of cities, trade, crafts.Khan Erzen, defining the boundaries of principalities, appointed his deputies - oglanov. Mubarak Khan Khoja (1320-1344) managed to break White Horde with a nominal dependence on the Golden Horde. Elevation at White Horde occurs Urus Khan (1361-1375),finally White Horde separated from the Golden Horde. In 1375 against the White Horde began hiking protege of Tamerlane Tokhtamysh (son of Tuka Timur, the 13th son Jochi Khan). As a result of fierce battles, Urus Khan was killed, and power in the White Horde passed to Tohtamysh.As a result of aggressive wars and internal strife Timur in the late XIV - early XV centuries., White Horde significantly weakened. In 20-ies. XIV century. White Horde split into two parts: the Khanate Abulhair and the Nogai Horde.

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